UNIT 3 - FORESTRY

1. UNIT 3 - FORESTRY TOPIC 9 –HISTORY OF FOREST MANAGEMENT

2. TOPICS • 19th CENTURY TO PRESENT • PARADIGM SHIFTS • SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT • CANADIAN MODEL FOREST NETWORK

3. History – 1497 - 1850 • Forest was used by early Europeans as a means to support the FISHERY. • Wood was also used to construct boats, barrels, stages, flakes, docks. buildings.

4. HISTORY – MID 1850s • Land given to NL RAILWAY, who opened up the INTERIOR of NL. • Granting of forest leases began (still in existence today). • Sawmilling of white pine was common. • No management of forest resources.

5. HISTORY –1900 - 1975 • Pulp and paper industry grew • 1909 – opening of mill in GRAND FALLS (closed 2008) • 1923 – opening of mill in CORNER BROOK • The only forest management was protection from FIRE AND INSECTS. • Companies were given LAND LEASES and self-managed their land.

6. CBPPL 1923 – Getting Built Queen Elizabeth at the Grand Opening of CBPPL

7. HISTORY–LANDMARK YEARS • 1974 – TIMBER MANAGEMENT • Taken over by PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY • Pulp and paper companies submit management plans • 1980s - SILVICULTURE • DEFINITION: • The science and practice of growing trees • Silviculture is an important tool in forest management and includes activities such s: • Pre-commercial thinning • Site Preparation (ex: spraying, burning, tilling) • Replanting • 2008  27 trees planted per person in NL

8. HISTORY - LANDMARK YEARS . . . • 1990 – FORESTRY ACT • Requires management for timber and other forest related issues, such as: • ENVIRONMENT • SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT • HUNTING • RECREATION

9. PARADIGM SHIFTS EXPLOITATION • This was the 1800s forestry approach, to “log and move on” • People aimed for maximum profit with no concern for the future of the forest. • Some parts of the world still practice this. • Ex: Slash and burn agriculture

10. PARADIGM SHIFTS UTILITARIAN • This was the 1930s forestry approach, to manage forests such that the resource would not “run out” • In other words, sites were reforested for future logging, but there was still little concern for the integrity of the environment.

11. PARADIGM SHIFTS ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT • This is the present day forestry approach, to manage forests for many uses, including: • Industry, employment, recreation, heritage, solitude, etc. • In other words, the forest is managed as a whole ecosystem.

12. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT 3 MAIN ELEMENTS • 1. SUPPORT OF FOREST FOR MULTIPLE USE • 2. PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT of FOREST ECOSYSTEM. • 3. CONTINUOUS SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

13. SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT

14. FOREST MANAGEMENT PLANS • TWENTY YEAR PLANS • CREATED BY NL FOREST SERVICE. • Describes goals for next 20 years such as AAC (ANNUAL ALLOWABLE CUT). • Updated every 5 years. • FIVE YEAR OPERATING PLANS • One of the 26 management districts in the province plan for activities such as: • Domestic cutting, building roads/bridges, water supplies, silviculture, timber supply, protection

15. CANADIAN MODEL FOREST NETWORK • Created in 1992 • Canada has 11 model forests that take care of the scientific portion of sustainable forest management. • www.modelforest.net/cmfn/en/forests/

16. UNIT 3 - FORESTRY TOPIC 10 –HARVESTING TECHNOLOGIES

17. HARVESTING • Clearcutting • Selection cutting • Old Harvesting Technology • New Harvesting Technology

18. Clearcutting • Definition: • Harvesting all the trees in a cutting block • 100 % of trees in NL harvested are clear-cut • 90 % of harvesting operations in Canada use clear-cutting • Best method for trees that are short-lived, have lots of seed, grow best in full sunlight, and form even stands naturally.

19. Clearcutting • POSTIVES: • Economical • Mimics natural disturbances (ex: fire, insects) • Fewer roads • Less blowdowns • New habitat

21. Clearcutting • NEGATIVES: • Soil erosion • Water siltation • Decreased water quality • Small tree wastage • Unsightly • Loss of habitat

22. Selection Cutting • DEFINITION: • Cutting of trees individually or in small groups such that up to 30 % of forest is harvested • Recommended for areas that are environmentally sensitive, such as old growth forests , young stands, or uneven aged stands.

23. Selection Cutting • POSITIVES: • Maximizes growth of remaining trees • Maintains original forest habitat • Looks nicer • NEGATIVES • Not as cost effective • Need more roads, more workers

24. Old Harvesting Technology • Axes and Cross-cut Saws • Horse-Sleigh • Water Transportation • Chainsaws • Feller-Bunchers • Skidders

25. Axes and Cross-cut Saws

26. Horse-sleigh

27. Water Transportation

28. Chainsaws (since ’50s)

29. Feller-Bunchers • Logging machine that cuts trees in a place with a tree-grabbing function and a cross-cut saw • LINK

30. Skidders • Heavy vehicle with large tires that pulls logs with a cable system from a cutting site to a landing

31. New Harvesting Technology • Soft footprint technology • GPS • Remote sensing • GIS • Training simulators • Environmental friendly alternate fluids

32. Soft Footprint technology • Any technology that reduces the impact with the forest floor • Some have flotation tires, anti-slip systems, walking movement • LINK

33. GPS – GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM • A network of 24 satellites used to locate precise coordinates on the Earth’s surface. • Helps navigate and survey forest lands.

34. Remote sensing • Any information gathering that does not require contact. • Can use aircraft, satellites, space station, etc.

35. GIS – GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS • A system that can capture, analyze, and manage data which is referenced to Earth’s positions. • Maps can be layered.