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Chapter 13 Life in the State of Texas 1851-1860

Chapter 13 Life in the State of Texas 1851-1860. Essential Questions Why did Immigrants come to Texas and what impact did they have when they arrived? Was it the destiny of Texas to become a slave state? Could Texas have avoided joining the Confederacy?. Changes in Texas.

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Chapter 13 Life in the State of Texas 1851-1860

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  1. Chapter 13Life in the State of Texas1851-1860 Essential Questions Why did Immigrants come to Texas and what impact did they have when they arrived? Was it the destiny of Texas to become a slave state? Could Texas have avoided joining the Confederacy?

  2. Changes in Texas • Many people in Texas had come in from other states • familiar with customs, money system, and languages • But, Texas was still a Frontier State…challenging and exciting • Frontier Line in Texas stretched from Red River to Rio Grande…known today as Interstate 35 • But, Texas was experiencing rapid growth • Read “In this Land of Ours” box p. 286

  3. Rural Life in Texas • Between 1846-1860, most Texans lived on farms and ranches • Number of farms grew from 12,000 to 43,000 • Most people had their own farm or ranches • Most focused on growing food crops • Corn: largest food crop • Other crops: wheat, oats, sweet potatoes • People didn’t make much money from food cropshttp://soilcrop.tamu.edu/photogallery/cornsorghum+/pages/corn%20ears.htm

  4. Rural Life in Texas, cont • Cotton: main Cash Crop (crop produced for profit) • Cotton was grown in Texas and shipped to northern states and Europe…made into cloth • Other cash crop: sugar cane • Raising livestock on (milk cows, hogs, chickens) was profitable • Ranches started—raised cattle and sheep—profitable http://seedrack.com/indiv/cotton.html http://www.alternative-energy-fuels.com/biofuels/liquid-biofuel/sugarcane-research-aims-to-harvest-green-energ

  5. The Growth of Towns • In 1850, fewer than 13,000 people lived in towns. But by 1860, more than 26,000 lived in towns • Towns had home, general stores, blacksmith shops, lawyer/doctor/trade shops • Sheriffs, town marshals provided law enforcement • Most buildings made of wood—logs or lumber • No paved streets • Picture on page 284 depicts life • Galveston: largest town in Texas at beginning of Texas statehood (1850) • Most developed port and trade center • San Antonio became largest town by 1860 • Many German immigrants moved to San Antonio • Menger Hotel (built of stone in 1859 and tallest building in state except for Capitol in Austin) • Houston became 3rd largest town due to railroads • Other important towns • New Braunfels—many German immigrants • Marshall—center for trade • Austin—state’s political center and capitol

  6. The Growth of Towns, cont • Texas had 2 manufacturing facilities • In Houston: made hats • In Henderson: Textile Factory—made cloth • Other info • East Texas towns had saw mills • Most towns had grist mills—corn, grains ground into meal for baking • Areas where cotton was grown had cotton gins—separate hulls from seeds • Areas that grew sugar cane had mills for grinding sugar

  7. Transportation • 1850s, most rode horseback or in wagons pulled by horses, mules, or oxen (picture page 284) • On Rio Grande, shipping down river was possible • Richard King and Mifflin Kenedy established shipping on steamships during Mexico War • They established King Ranch in South Texas • East Texas—rivers were better and small boats could travel 100 miles upriver if water was high enough

  8. Transportation, con’t • Many Towns served by stagecoaches • Could travel 5-8 miles/hour • Carried passengers, freight, mail • Famous Stagecoach: Butterfield Line—went from Mississippi to Pacific Ocean…crossed North Texas • Took about 30 days to go from San Antonio to San Diego, CA…cost $200 for one-way ticket http://www.wellsfargohistory.com/stagecoach/stagecoach_flash_alt.jpg

  9. Transportation, cont • Railroads • started building them in 1850s • By 1860, 400 miles of railroads had been built • Laid out in spider-web fashion around Galveston and Houston • Mainly transported products to ports and to market

  10. Education • Read Then and Now on page 288 • President Lamar had set aside public land for education when he was President of the Republic of Texas • No public education yet—most kids went to private schools set up by churches in one room school houses • In 1854, TX Governor Elisha M. Pease set aside 2 million dollars for a school fund • A few public schools were started • A few colleges were started then

  11. Education, con’t • Permanent School Fund: created in 1876 to make sure that schools would always have money • Today that fund is worth about $20 billion + • Today schools use interest from that money to help them • Elisha M. Pease • Known as one of TX most successful governors • Supported Permanent School Fund—still used today • Cleared state’s debt • Set aside money for hospitals for people with mental illnesses • Set aside money for schools for people who were deaf

  12. Social and Cultural Life • People liked to • Race horses, hunt, fish • Dance—Saturday night hoedowns • Fiesta Activities—Hispanic culture • Religious Celebrations—weddings, baptisms, revivals • Political Election rallies • Theater Groups • Newspapers

  13. Interesting Info • Camels (page 287) • In 1856, 32 camels plus one baby camel born at sea came from Africa to Texas as a US Army experiment • These 33 camels plus 41 others that came later were taken to Camp Verde (TX hill country) • Very helpful in carrying supplies across dry southwest area • Some even used during Civil War • But the camels were stinky and had bad tempers and were too hard for army to control, so they sold them after the Civil War

  14. Camels in Texas http://www.transchool.lee.army.mil/museum/transportation%20museum/images/camels_painting.gif Cotton Gin http://0.tqn.com/d/americanhistory/1/0/u/A/cotton_gin.jpg

  15. Grist Mill http://www.rlrouse.com/pic-of-the-day/glade-creek-grist-mill.jpg

  16. The Menger Hotel http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menger_Hotel_San_Antonio_Texas_photo_of_histrical_photo.jpg http://images.travelnow.com/hotels/1000000/10000/5900/5877/5877_27_b.jpg http://www.mengerhotel.com/historic-san-antonio-hotel/ http://gorvtexas.com/menger.htm

  17. Elisha Pease http://www.tspb.state.tx.us/spb/gallery/govs/images/1989_36_Pease_LG.jpg http://www.transchool.lee.army.mil/museum/transportation%20museum/images/camels_painting.gif

  18. A Changing Population • Many settlers coming into Texas • Population in 1850: 212,000 • Population in 1860: 604,000 • Many Native Texans forced out when Anglo Americans moved in • Why did they come? • Land • Sense of adventure • Political freedom • Problems in homeland

  19. Migration from the US • Most new Texans came from southern states (Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, & Alabama) • Most settlers went to areas in Texas that were like their former home • have similar lifestyles

  20. Cultures and Settlement in Texas 1820-1860

  21. Mexican Texans • 1850: estimated to be 23,000 Mexican Texans • Most lived in San Antonio area between Nueces River and Rio Grande • Or they lived along Rio Grande from Big Bend to El Paso • Many had successful cattle or sheep ranches • Other Mexican Texans worked on these ranches • Jose Antonio Navarro had successful ranch • Some Tejanos concerned that Anglo American settlers were becoming more influential than Tejanos who had been there longer • Juan Cortina…was concerned http://www.fold3.com/page/1178_the_mexican_texans/

  22. Juan Cortina • Operated ranch near Brownsville • Believe Tejanos were not being treated fairly because their land was being taken away from them • Cortina fought against corrupt officials who helped take land away from Tejanos by carrying out acts of violence • Became known as Cortina War • See Picture/caption on page 291

  23. Juan Cortina Cortina War • Cortina had about 400 supporters • Cortina was defeated by a Confederate captain: Santos Benavides • Result of Cortina War: left Mexican and Anglo Texans suspicious of each other • Regardless, Mexican Americans continued to have strong influence on economy, art, culture, and language of Texas http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Juan_Nepomuceno_Cortina.jpg

  24. German Texans • By 1860, more than 43,000 people born outside of US lived in Texas • Germans made up largest number of immigrants • Germans came for • political/religious freedom • economic opportunities • Many Germans came to Texas as part of organized effort of Adelsverein—Society for Protection of German Immigrants in Texas

  25. German Texans, cont • John O. Meusebach: leader for German settlers • Brought German settlers to New Braunfels • Helped settle Fredericksburg

  26. http://www.texasescapes.com/WTBlock/TexasGermanSettlerFirstGenElkinsBrossmJPenney.jpghttp://www.texasescapes.com/WTBlock/TexasGermanSettlerFirstGenElkinsBrossmJPenney.jpg http://astuteblogger.blogspot.com/2012/02/overheard-at-water-cooler-german-texans.html German Settlers in Texas Boerne, TX 1890 http://www.littlecolonel.com/Places/Texas/Boerne/pics/Boerne1890-0.jpg

  27. Other European Immigrants • Irish: 2nd largest group of settlers in Texas • English: 3rd largest group • Irish: • left Ireland mainly because of disease that attacked potatoes, Ireland’s main food crop. This disease caused a famine • famine: severe food shortage • Many Irish settled in San Patricio and Refugio

  28. Other Europeans, cont • Settlers also came from France • Frenchman named Henri Castro founded colony of Castroville along Medina River • Other settlers came from: • Poland • led by Father Leopold Moczygemba • settled in town of PannaMaria • Czechoslovakia— • settled in Central Texas • led by Ernst Bergmann & Josef Lesikar • Sweden, Norway, Italy, and the Netherlands

  29. http://www.bestplaces.net/images/city/castroville_tx.gif http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/badeker-tx-castroville-1849.jpg Henri Castro http://www.castroville.com/henri_castro.htm http://www.castroville.com/ Castroville http://www.castroville.com/images/henricastro.jpg

  30. Native Texans • Pres Lamar had forced out most Native Texans when Texas was a Republic • Kiowas and Comanches still lived in West Texas • His policy was called the Removal of Native Texans Removal: forcing Native Americans to move to reservations • As more settlers came into Texas, they moved into Native American land= increased tensions • US Army set up military posts to help keep peace • Line of military posts from Ft. Worth to Eagle Pass

  31. Reservations • In 1854, Texas government passed a bill (law) that set land aside for reservations • Brazos Reservation (close to Ft. Belknap in Young County) • Set up for Tawakonis, Wacos, Tonkawas • Clear Fork Reservation (on Brazos River…in Throckmorton County) • Most Native Texans refused to stay within boundaries of reservations • Boundaries were crossed by settlers • Within a few years, most reservations were gone and Native Texans had been forced out of Texas

  32. Indian Reservations http://www.texasalmanac.com/topics/history/camp-cooper-ft-belknap-and-indian-reservations http://www.texashistory.com/Archives/TexasIndianReservations/tabid/152/language/en-US/Default.aspx http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bpb03 https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/exhibits/indian/statehood/page2.html http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/tejas/fundamentals/images/marcy-map-redrawn-sm.jpg http://www.texasalmanac.com/sites/default/files/images/campcooper.png

  33. Wedges of Separation • Read “A Real Life Story” p. 295 • For newly annexed Texas meant that US problems were now Texas problems • Slavery was a big problem • During 1850s, several issues caused “wedges of separation” that divided the US into North and South and led to the breakup of the Union of the US • Slavery • States rights • By 1861, ¾ of Texans voted to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy. • Secede=to withdraw formally http://www.mos.org/sln/Leonardo/wedge.gif

  34. Slavery in Texas • Slavery had existed in Texas for many years • By 1860, the slave population was growing faster than the free population • Slaves • Had no property rights • Had no legal rights of marriage & family • Had no way to gain their freedom • Slave families could be separated and sold • Could not vote • Had no freedoms like even the poorest Anglo American citizens had

  35. Slavery http://ftsblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/Screen-shot-2011-03-07-at-11.25.16-AM-1024x576.png

  36. Slavery in Texas, cont • As population of Texas grew so did number of slaves • Growth of cotton industry meant more slaves were needed to work the fields • Many slaves also worked on smaller farms or in trade shops • By 1860, about 182,000 slaves lived in Texas (almost 1/3 of state’s population) • Even though most white people in Texas didn’t own slaves, they supported the institution of slavery • They claimed that slaves were needed to support the economy of the South • Economy of South did depend on slaves to help produce cash crops

  37. Slavery in Texas, con’t • But, many Texans (including German immigrants and Tejanos) opposed slavery • Thought it was morally wrong for one person to own another person • In the North, economy based on industry/manufacturing and had not become dependent on slaves http://www.belch.com/img/carbon-neutral-farming.jpg

  38. Free African Americans in Texas • Not all African Americans were slaves • About 150 free African Americans lived in Texas during time of Mexican rule…they had full legal rights • They lost these legal rights when Texas became a state but many of them stayed in Texas anyway • By 1860, about 350 free African Americans lived in Texas…probably more

  39. Free African Americans in Texas, con’t • Most free African Americans were poor farmers but some were wealthy business owners • William Goyens: owned blacksmith shop in Nacogdoches • When his status as a free man was challenged, Thomas J. Rusk represented him in court • Aaron Ashworth: owned farms and ranches in Zavala County • Both of these men owned slaves

  40. William Goyens http://www.tbhpp.org/goyens.html http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgo24 Aaron Ashworth http://www.tbhpp.org/goyensmarker2.jpg http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fas05

  41. Slavery in the New US Territories • Citizens of US debated over whether slaves should be allowed in new territories • Compromise of 1850 decided issue for some territories (like California) • But issue of slavery had to be decided for other areas • US Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduced bill to open settlement in Kansas and Nebraska • called the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

  42. Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 • Had provision in it that allowed citizens in those territories to decide if they would permit slavery or not • All US Senators voted on the bill • Texas Senator Sam Houston voted against the bill because he thought that the Kansas-Nebraska Act would divide the Union • Texas Senator Thomas J. Rusk voted for the bill • The bill passed but Texans were angry with Sam Houston because he wanted to keep slavery out of those territories and Texans wanted slavery • Sam Houston was not elected to the Senate again as a result of his voting against the Kansas-Nebraska Act

  43. Political Parties • Things went from bad to worse for Sam Houston. He supported the development of a new political party in Texas • The Know Nothing Party • Opposed immigration to US…especially Roman Catholics with German or Mexican ancestry • 2 major political parties in US Democratic Party: mostly supported farmers and laborers (Most Texans) Whig Party: mostly supported business growth

  44. Political Parties, cont • When Texas became a state, most Texans were Democrats • Some Texans were Whigs but party never had strong influence in state • When Sam Houston supported the Know Nothing Party, he did so just to oppose the Democrats in the Texas legislature • But, he never officially joined the Know Nothings

  45. Houston’s Race for Governor • Sam Houston resigned as state senator and returned to Texas to run for governor in 1857 • He ran as an independent and not as a member of either political party • He strongly believed that Southern states should not secede from Union but that Union should remain whole

  46. Houston’s Race for Governor, con’t • Hardin J. Runnelswas nominated by the Democratic Party in Texas to run for governor • Originally from Mississippi • Owned a plantation near Red River • Supported state’s rights—believed that each state had right to make own decision about slavery • Favored secession if needed to preserve state’s rights • Houston had been gone from Texas for 10 years and had become out of touch with what the citizens of Texas really wanted • Sam Houston lost the election but made immediate plans to run again in 1859 • Runnels became governor in 1857

  47. Governor, cont • Sam Houston stayed in Texas even after he lost the governor’s election in 1857 • His presence reminded Texans about who he was and his contribution to Texas’ history • Problems on the frontier caused Texans to lose faith in Gov Runnels • Gubernatorial Election in 1859: Sam Houston defeated Hardin Runnels • As governor, Houston strongly supported the US Union but most Texans strongly supported state’s rights. Under Houston, Texas found it difficult to secede from the Union during secession crisis of 1860-1861 before Civil War began

  48. http://www.tspb.state.tx.us/spb/gallery/govs/images/1989_37_Runnels_LG.jpghttp://www.tspb.state.tx.us/spb/gallery/govs/images/1989_37_Runnels_LG.jpg Hardin R. Runnels http://blog.americanheritage1.com/Portals/48049/images/HOUSTON%20SAM%20PHTO%20COLOR%20SEATED%20Sam_Houston2.750.jpg Sam Houston

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