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Flow and Volume of Blood

Dept. of Biomedical Engineering 2003200449 YOUNHO HONG. Flow and Volume of Blood. Contents. Cardiac Output - Fick - Indicator Dilution - Thermo Dilution Electromagnetic flow meter Ultrasound flow meter - Transit time - Continuous Doppla

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Flow and Volume of Blood

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  1. Dept. of Biomedical Engineering 2003200449 YOUNHO HONG Flow and Volume of Blood

  2. Contents • Cardiac Output - Fick - Indicator Dilution - Thermo Dilution • Electromagnetic flow meter • Ultrasound flow meter - Transit time - Continuous Doppla - Pulsed Doppla - Thermal Convection • Plethysmography

  3. Indicator Dilution and Fick Method # Indicator Dilution F : flow C : concentration The unit of blood flow : l/min or ml/s Fi Ci Fo Co (infusion rate) The quantity of in and out is the same, and there is no leakage. Mass Balance Equation # Fick : O2 consumption, L/min ( measured by spirometer) Co = Ca : concentration in artery Ci = Cv : concentration in vein

  4. Indicator Dilution ( Dye dilution Method) indicator dilution curve c(t) Use Cardio green or Indocyannine green for a dye. recirculation bolus injection t T Extrapolation

  5. Thermo-dilution Use cold saline(4˚C) c(t) T bolus injection t

  6. Ultra Sound Primary echo is bigger than secondary echo. ultra-sound generator skin t

  7. Transit time flowmeter velocity of ultra sound (1) down-stream c μ θ D velocity of RBC, WBC and platelit (2) up-stream

  8. Doppler flowmeter (1) Continuous Doppler flowmeter (cf) Radar system object fo, c u f+fd, c (2) Pulsed Doppler flowmeter t f T u1 u2 fd1 fd3 fd1 u3 u2 x u1 fd2 fd2

  9. Thermal convection flowmeter Thermister F Invasive, probe positioning is difficult. The stronger F gets, The sharper the temperature of T2 is decreased. T2 • Bios current => Thermister heating • T2 Thermister is cooled by thermal convection. (cf.) respiratory monitoring by thermister Temp. of inspiration is 25˚C. Temp. of expiration is 36.5˚C.

  10. Plethysmography i cuff leg V toes open artery close vein Z(V) normal slope = flow(in artery) Venous Thrombosis slope = flow(in vein) cuff cuff off t

  11. Respiratory System # Architecture velocity uT AT [l/min or ml/s] Tracher Bronchas … Alveoli air flow cross-sectional area The total of volume flow is not changed. velocity of the air at alveoli is almost zero. uA AA # Respiration # Physiological functions - Ventilatory mechanics => RC equivalent circuit model - Gas transport => Mass balance equation (Diffusion process) • O2 transport into blood stream • CO2 removal from blood stream • Homeostasis of PH, PO2, PCO2

  12. Pressure measurement (1) Differential pressure transducer diaphragm P1 P2 diaphragm strain gage (2) Balloon Sensor 0V : switch on => P>Pi 5V : switch off => P<Pi +5V metal switch hole Vi MP P pressure sensor ballon gas P Pi control air pump pressure (Pi)

  13. Flow measurement • Rotating vane • Ultrasound flowmeter • Thermal convection • Pneumotachometer # Pneumotachometer P1 P2 Q (flow) mouth measurement resistance mesh screen

  14. Volume measurement (1) Water spirometer single turn potentimeter air pen water vital capacity TLC IC Vc CO2 absorber TV FRV mouth ERC mouth Rv (2) Dry spirometer expiratory gas (empty) change the position of the pistol during breathing. inspiration gas pistol valve

  15. FRC measurnment • He Dilution technique • - Patient at FRC • - Prepare a spirometer of volume Vsp and imitial He • Concentration of FIHe • - Patient breaths Fb the spirometer • - Find He concentration of expiratory gas FIHe

  16. FRC measurnment • N2 washout technique • - Patient at FRC • - Prepare a spirometer with O2, Vsp • - Patient breaths to the spirometer • - Measure N2 concentration in the expiratory gas

  17. Gas concentration measurement • Mass spectroscophy • Gas chromatography • Infrared spectroscophy • Ramen spectroscophy • Emission spectroscophy • Paramagnetic O2 analyzer

  18. Gas transport measurement • Gas distribution test • => single breath N2 washout • - RC => TLC O2 inspiration • - pause (hold breath) • - Expiration and measure FN2 (2) Diffusion test => CO diffusion capacity - Inspire CO, He in the air to TLC from RC - Hold breath for 10sec - Expire to measure FFCO and FFHE

  19. Thank You.

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