The Plan …

1. The Plan… • New today… • The Northern Renaissance • Some important stuff here…

2. The Northern Renaissance • As was the case with the spread of the Roman Empire, the ideas and the practices of the Renaissance spread to the rest of Western and Northern Europe • The cities of Northern Europe (i.e. Amsterdam, London, etc.) welcomed the spread of the Renaissance ideas • Wealthy merchants would supportpainters, writers, and scientists

3. Technological Advancement • Aside from word of mouth and the established trade routes of Ancient Rome, there was one invention that single handily influenced the renaissance unlike no other • This was known as the Gutenberg Printing Press • Invented by German Johann Gutenberg

4. The Printing Press, before and after… Before After Thousands of copies of a writer’s book could be reproduced in the time once reserved to make one book The books were printed on paper, this was cheaper than the parchment paper (dried sheepskin) used before • All information (books or verbal) is either done so by word of mouth or handwriting • A new book would have to be copied time and time again to be seen by many • This could take months and months, and involve numerous people

5. Further innovations in N. Europe • The humanist idea of seeking the truth through reason led to a scientific revolution • This was led by those in Northern Europe • Science was beginning to separate from religion • Scientists were convinced that they could learn more from studying the way things worked by studying these things rather than reading about them in a bible • Often discoveries would go against what the church had previously said; this was a dangerous proposition… • Renaissance Scientists developed the Scientific Method, this is the method used in researching the Natural World. • See Page 231 – this is still used today…

6. Copernicus • Nicolas Copernicus was a mathematician from Poland, he was also a lawyer, a doctor, and a church administrator • Copernicus disproved the commonly held belief – by the church – that the Earth was the centre of the universe, instead proving that the Earth was “one of countless stars in the universe”

7. How Copernicus did it… • Using Mathematics, not a telescope, Copernicus formulated his hypothesis. • He theorized that the Earth moves in two ways: • Revolving daily on its Axis (day/night) • Orbits annually (yearly) around the Sun (seasons) • The Church condemned Copernicus’ book on this concept, On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies, in 1616

8. Galileo • Another Renaissance scientist from Pisa, Italy, Galileo was another scientist that the church was at odds with • The bible was continually being threatened by these thinkers • Galileo was credited with developing the telescope • Following numerous attempts, his final telescope was capable of making things appear a thousand times larger than they actually were.

9. Myths that Galileo disproved… • By seeing things that had never been seen before, Galileo was able to disprove some theories held by numerous people… • Saw the Moon as a solid, with a pitted and scared surface • Previously the Moon, and all other planets, were thought to be made of a non-solid material known as “ether” • He was able to prove Copernicus’ theories regarding the Earth and it’s rotation patters • The Church was not happy with this, they summoned Galileo to an Inquisition • He was ordered to accept the Church’s views, and to state he was wrong • Initially he said that “people should be able to believe what they want, picking one or the other” • This wouldn’t work, the Church threatened him with torture if he did not listen to what they wanted – he opted to accept the Church’s view, and was placed under house arrest… • “E pursimuove” – It does move…