American Romanticism 1800-1850

1. AmericanRomanticism1800-1850

2. What was the Louisiana Purchase?

3. American Romanticism Expansion of the country led to need for America to be developed not only in land, purchase, and government but also in culture and literature so that America could have its own identity.

4. Romanticism - Celebrate • Celebration of America as a country and its Literature • Celebration of Nature its relationship to God • Celebration of American frontiersman and founders • Celebration of the individual and the imagination

5. Emerson “Always do what you are afraid to do.” • Philosopher, poet, essayist, and public speaker (most quoted men of his time) • He urged people to think for themselves rather than follow rules that had been handed down for generations • Resist the bonds of conformity (instead he supported self-reliance)

6. Self-Reliance • We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed of that divine idea which each of us represents. • Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string • What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people think. • For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure. And therefore a man must know how to estimate a sour face. • Nothing can bring you peace but yourself.

7. Self - Reliance There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on the plot of ground which is given him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried.

8. There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; • It is a waste of time and ignoring your self to want what others have. • that imitation is suicide; • When you’re not being true to yourself the real you is dying because no one can see the real you unless you express yourself honestly • that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion; • You need to accept yourself for who you are • that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on the plot of ground which is given him to till. • If you don't work hard then nothing good will come to you. • Everything good comes from hard work. • The power which resides in him is new in nature, • Individuality is your strength and what makes you different from others. • and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. • Only you know what you can do and you don’t exactly know what it is until you try.

9. There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; • To be jealous or to try and be someone else is ignoring yourself and ignoring who you could be. • that imitation is suicide; • Trying to imitate something you’re not kills your image it ruins who you are. • that he must take himself for better for worse as his portion; • That he must accept the good and bad within himself as a whole • that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on the plot of ground which is given him to till. • All good things come from hard work. • The power which resides in him is new in nature, • His own individuality is what empowers him • and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he has tried. • Only he can know what he is capable of and he wont know what he is capable of until he has actually tried

10. Transcendentalism • Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, and other writers believed in the concept of transcendentalism • They believed that we could “transcend” our own existence by finding a relationship with God through nature • Therefore, God, Man, and Nature were all united; Emerson called this the Oversoul

11. The Oversoul God Nature Humanity

12. Nature • Transcendentalists believed that we were able to “TRANSCEND” or go beyond what we knew. • In other words, with nature as a driving force, we could use things like intuition to understand life • Believed Nature was the source of goodness and inspiration • Nature is a living mystery, not something to be figured out • By communing with Nature, we could learn things that we otherwise would not have known • The miracles of the Bible are not to be regarded as solely important as they were to people of the past (rebellion against puritanism). There are miracles all around us. “The whole world is a miracle and the smallest creature is one.” • This connection to nature became a major theme of Transcendentalism, an important aspect of American Romanticism. Emerson was the chief spokesperson of Transcendentalism.

13. Natureby Ralph Waldo Emerson • Draw a big, beautiful, majestic tree. • Inside this tree, write at least ten things nature teaches us or ten things that make nature unique.

14. The sun illuminates only the eye of man, but shines into the eye and heart of a child.

15. Questions • In Emerson’s opinion, how do adults and children view nature differently? • How do changing seasons affect nature lovers? • What does Emerson mean when he states, “Nature always wears the colors of the spirit?” Do you agree with him; why or why not? • What, do you think, is the difference between the meaning Emerson finds in nature and the meaning a “wood cutter or farmer” finds?

16. American Poetry • Free Verse – unrhymed, unmetered poetry • Anaphora – repetition of the first word or phrase in a line of poetry • Catalogue – list (I Hear America Singing) • Metaphor, Alliteration, Simile, etc. (figurative language) • Walt Whitman (father of free verse)

17. When I heard the Learn’d Astronomerby Walt Whitman WHEN I heard the learn’d astronomer;  When the proofs, the figures, were ranged in columns before me;  When I was shown the charts and the diagrams, to add, divide, and measure them;  When I, sitting, heard the astronomer, where he lectured with much applause in the lecture-room,  How soon, unaccountable, I became tired and sick; Till rising and gliding out, I wander’d off by myself,  In the mystical moist night-air, and from time to time,  Look’d up in perfect silence at the stars.

18. Questions? • What is the speaker of this poem listening to in the “lecture room”? • Why does he become “sick” • Why does he leave? • Anaphora is the repetition of the first word in a poetic line; what word is repeated in this poem? Why; what is Whitman emphasizing with the repetition?

19. Song of MyselfBy Walt Whitman I celebrate myself, and sing myself, Self-Reliance And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. Oversoul I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. Transcendentalism My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Transcendentalism Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. Self-Reliance Creeds and schools in abeyance, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten, I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard, Self-Reliance Nature without check with original energy.

20. Song of Myself I celebrate myself, and sing myself, Self-Reliance And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. Oversoul I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. Transcendentalism My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Transcendentalism Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, I, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death. Self-Reliance Creeds and schools in abeyance, Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten, I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard, Self-Reliance Nature without check with original energy. I celebrate education, and sing knowledge, and what I have learned you will learn. For everything I know you will know too. I step outside the classroom doors, out into the hallway, down the stairs feel content amongst trees, I formed from this air, this breeze, these leaves, gain strength. I hope for the future, for a better tomorrow, success, and a gust of peaceful wind. I know I can find contentment in the changing color of leaves, learn new things everyday, and find all that I need. I have learned that you get what you give, I will give all I have and all I know to you, and you will become greater and stronger. I will strive for better and better, give more and more, and sigh with relief as I walk upon the leaves of grass. I am an educator, friend, and a lover of life.

21. Song of Myself • Give examples of transcendentalism. • Give examples of self-reliance.

22. Song of Myself I celebrate education, and sing knowledge, and what I have learned you will learn. For everything I know you will know too. I step outside the classroom doors, out into the hallway, down the stairs feel content amongst trees, I formed from this air, this breeze, these leaves, gain strength. I hope for the future, for a better tomorrow, success, and a gust of peaceful wind. I know I can find contentment in the changing color of leaves, learn new things everyday, and find all that I need. I have learned that you get what you give, I will give all I have and all I know to you, and you will become greater and stronger. I will strive for better and better, give more and more, and sigh with relief as I walk upon the leaves of grass. I am an educator, friend, and a lover of life.

23. The tide rises, the tide falls, The twilight darkens, the curlew calls; Along the sea-sands damp and brown The traveler hastens toward the town And the tide rises, the tide falls. Darkness settles on roofs and walls, But the sea, the sea in the darkness calls; The little waves, with their soft, white hands, Efface the footprints in the sands, And the tide rises, the tide falls. The morning breaks; the steeds in their stalls Stamp and neigh, as the hostler calls; The day returns, but nevermore Returns the traveler to the shore, And the tide rises, the tide falls. The Tide Rises, The Tide Fallsby Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

24. Questions • What happens in the poem? • What is the message of the poem? • What poetic techniques are used? • Write 3 of your own questions about the poem?

25. The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls • Symbolism of death – “twilight darkens, darkness settles, nevermore returns the traveler to the shore” • Metaphor and theme (cycle of life) – “the morning breaks, day returns,” repetition of tide rises, tide falls • Personification – “soft, white hands” • Imagery – picture of the sea and darkness coming to town Draw a picture that symbolizes the theme of the poem.

26. Carpe Diem Seize the Day

27. Henry David Thoreau • Believed in Emerson’s theories of self reliance and transcendentalism • Built his own cabin • Took the following with him when he headed into the woods at Walden Pond in 1854: 1 axe, 2 knives, 1 fork, 3 plates, 1 cup, 1 spoon, a jug for oil, a jug for molasses, and 1 lamp • Planted and grew his own vegetables • Hunted and fished for his food • Wrote Walden

28. Thoreau’s Walden I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately. To front only the essential facts of life and see if I could not learn what it had to teach. To not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear. Nor did I wish to practice resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life. To live sturdily and Spartan-like as to put rout all that was not life. To cut a broad swath and shave close. To drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms. If proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it and publish its meanness to the world. If it were sublime, to know it by experience, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.

29. Walden(self-reliance and transcendentalism) • Live deliberately by your own decisions and with a purpose • Study and focus on what is important in life – family, love, security, independence, health, spirituality, education, success • Find purpose in life or you will die with regrets • Life is precious so you don’t want to waste it • To not submit, to practice self will and self reliance • To get the most essential part of life, to really absorb it • To live life with one purpose, one focus and not to waste time on what is unimportant • To have a broad path in life but to stay focused and organized and follow that path • To simplify your life so that you stay focus one point, one purpose • To make your life extraordinary whether it is average or sublime

30. Journal Topic What can you do to “suck the marrow out of life” and “live deliberately” so that when you die your “footprints” won’t be washed away and you will not come to discover that you “had not lived” ?

31. Walden • To live deliberately (nature) with a purpose • Face the important things in life and learn what they have to teach – education, family, responsibility, love • At the end of your life you should have not have regrets, when you are old you do not want to say “I wish I had done that” • Life is so precious you do not want to waste it • You never want to give up but sometimes you have to change and move on • Live life to its fullest (live deep) and get the most out of life (the most important, the tastiest, the essential) • One focus, one purpose and live your life for that one purpose so as to not waste your time on anything unimportant • To make a broad path in life and stick to it, know it closely, examine it. • Simplify life to focus only on what is important. • If your life is “average”, you make the most out of it • If life is extraordinary, than know every part of extraordinary – make your life extraordinary

32. Dead Poets Society What lesson(s) in life was Mr. Keating teaching his students? Give text evidence (quote)!

33. PROCEDURAL WRITING PURPOSE • Gives instructions or tells how to do something CHARACTERISTICS • Progresses sequentionally; organizes information in logical, step-by-step order • Has mainly factual content presented in an objective manner • Uses words that relate to time: first, then, later, before etc. EXAMPLES • Recipes • Rule books • Directions/Maps • Instruction manuals • How to books and posters • Experiments

34. How to Suck the Marrow Out of Life • Goal (introduction) – How to get the most out of life a.k.a. “sucking the marrow out of life” • Requirements (introduction) – a list of what is needed (i.e. living deliberately and with a purpose, having a purpose, working hard, a positive attitude, looking at things in a different way with an open mind, being self reliant) • Steps – give one specific example from your own life – step one, two, three, four, etc. • Conclusion – Why is this important? “To not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived”

35. How to Live without Fear • Goal – introduction • Requirements – a list of what is needed • Steps – give one specific example from your own life – step one, two, three, four, etc. • Conclusion – Why is this important?

36. Step to the line if… • You believe no government is the best government • You believe in government but you believe in States rights more than federal government • You believe if left alone, people can govern (control) themselves and do the right thing • If you are republican • If you are democrat • If you believe things will get better • If you believe things will get worse • If you believe that sometimes you have to give up individual rights for the good of all • If you believe in any means necessary when it comes to finding terrorism • If you believe in war • If you believe America should only worry about America

37. Civil DisobedienceHenry David Thoreau • dedicated abolitionist • helped slaves escape through the underground railroad • wrote an impassioned defense of John Brown • when he was 29 years old he refused to pay a poll tax that supported the Mexican-American War and the continuation of slavery • “passive resistance” – non violent protest • spent one night in jail before his aunt paid the tax without his consent

38. Civil Disobedience • Exigence – the problem, incident, situation or cause • Audience –immediate or intermediate response • Purpose – why, the argument • Appeals – ethos, pathos, logos • Tone - the writer’s or speaker’s attitude toward a subject, character, or audience; conveyed through the author’s: choice of words (diction), word order (syntax), detail, imagery, and language (figurative language) • Form - diction is word choice intended to convey a certain effect, syntax is the arrangement and order of words in a sentence, imagery and figurative language is the use of language to appeal to the senses

39. Walkout • In what year does the story take place? • What is the name of the school where the story is set?   • Who are some of the main characters?   • What were some of the complaints that the Chicano students had about their school? • When did the student protests take place? • How many students walked out? • From how many different schools? • Who were the East L.A. 13 and what happened to them? 9. What changes were made as a result of the protests?

40. Thanatopsisby William Cullen Bryant • Wrote it when he was 17 years old • Influenced by British “graveyard poets” • Thanatopsis, Greek origin - “view of death”, Meditation upon death • Elegy (type of poem), Intended to lament "Thanatopsis" (2001), a digital painting by Dillon Ford

41. Questions • What does the title mean? • Define – shroud, pall, narrow house, and sepulcher. • How do these words contribute to the meaning of the of the poem? • Is this poem about life or death? Explain. • Find the shift in the poem. • Find the imagery.

42. Elegy • It begins with an expression of grief and an invocation to the Muse to aid the poet in expressing his suffering. It usually contains a funeral procession, a description of sympathetic mourning throughout nature, and musings on the unkindness of death. It ends with acceptance, often a very affirmative justification, of nature’s law. • the English “graveyard school” of poets wrote generalized reflections on death and immortality, combining gloomy, sometimes ghoulish imagery of human impermanence with philosophical speculation.

43. Edgar Allen Poe • Poe known as master of horror and suspense • Invented detective story and contributed to development of science fiction • Attended University of VA and West Point but encountered personal problems and left each school before graduating • Spent much of his adult life struggling, moving from city to city, and from job to job • At 26 married Virginia Clemm • Virginia died of tuberculosis after 12 years of marriage and Poe never fully recovered • At the age of 40 Poe died alone in Baltimore • “I was never really insane, except on occasions where my heart was touched.”

44. The Raven What is the speaker doing at the beginning of the poem? What is his emotional state? He is trying to forget the memory of Lenore so he is reading late at night, and falling asleep when he hears a noise at the door. How does the speaker’s mood change after the raven enters his room? At first he is relieved that the raven enters (afraid there might be a ghost knocking) but then he sees the raven as a bad omen.

45. What are the speaker’s questions to the raven? Who sent you? Will I ever forget Lenore? Will I ever be healed from this pain? Will I ever see Lenore again in Heaven? What is the raven’s response? How does the speaker react to the raven’s response? Nevermore! The response is frustrating to him and he is driven mad by the hopelessness.

46. What conclusion does the speaker express about the raven’s presence? The raven will never leave symbolizing that his pain and soul will never leave. What is the speaker’s mental state at the end of the poem? He is mentally unstable, depressed and driven to madness.

47. How does the speaker of “The Raven” seem to have similarities to Poe himself? Both experience pain because of the loss or sickness of a loved one, both suffer from depression and insanity and “the raven” is a symbol of their fear and pain and sadness, and it will never leave!

48. Questions • What is the speaker doing at the beginning of the poem? What is his emotional state? • How does the speaker’s mood change after the raven enters his room? • What are the speaker’s questions to the raven? • What is the raven’s response? How does the speaker react to the raven’s response? • What conclusion does the speaker express about the raven’s presence? • What is the speaker’s mental state at the end of the poem? • How does the speaker of “The Raven” seem to have similarities to Poe himself?

49. Meter – syllables (soft loud – iamb) (soft, soft, loud – anapest) (loud, soft – trochee) Rhyme (scheme) pattern of rhyme end/internal Alliteration- repetition of a consonant sound Assonance – repetition of a vowel sound Meter – 16 syllables, trochaic (8) octameter End Rhyme – lore, door, door, more Internal Rhyme – dreary, weary, nearly Alliteration – once, while, weak, weary Assonance – rare, radiant, maiden, angels, named Poetic Techniques?

50. Analysis • What is the poem about, give a summary? • Why is it called “The Raven?” • What is the tone or mood of the poem? • What poetic techniques are being used?