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LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT

LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT. CONCEPT MAP OF CHAPTER 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES. To explain the necessity for support and locomotion in humans and animals, To describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion,

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LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT

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  1. LOCOMOTION AND TRANSPORT

  2. CONCEPT MAP OF CHAPTER 2

  3. LEARNING OUTCOMES • To explain the necessity for support and locomotion in humans and animals, • To describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion, • To explain how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and animals, • To name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of the human body

  4. The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals WHY DO HUMANS & ANIMALS NEED SUPPORT? • To find the food • To find partner for mating • To protect/escape from their predator • To shelter from bad environment

  5. The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals • Without support, animals & humans would not be able to maintain their body shape  their body collapse under the weight of their own tissues. • Support are provided by some form of skeleton. • Hydrostatic skeleton • Exoskeleton • endoskeleton

  6. Support are provided by some form of skeleton: • Hydrostatic skeleton • Exoskeleton • Endoskeleton

  7. HYDROSTATIC SKELETON • A fluid-filled internal body cavity in which the fluid is held under pressure . This also can be usedd to maintan the body shape & provide support for internal organ • The cavity is surrounded by muscles arranged in layers. • The body shape of the animal changes as these muscles contract & relax.

  8. The animals are soft & flexible, the hydrostatic fluid does protect body parts by acting as a shock absorber. • Examples : earthworm, jellyfish, leech & caterpillar.

  9. EXOSKELETON • A rigid outer covering usually made up of protein, chitins &/@ calcium salt. • Insects – the cuticle (covered with wax to prevent water loss from the body), cover the body’s surface. • The exoskeleton is jointed / hinged = certain points of the skeleton are flexible & can bend  enabling the movement.

  10. Exoskeleton restrict the growth of animals  the exoskeleton must be shed from time to time in order for the animal to grow. (ecdysis) • Also found in the shells of molluscs & the bony plates of tortoises. • Examples : insects, crabs, lobsters, tortoise

  11. ENDOSKELETON • Found in the bodies of all vertebrates including fish, amphibians & birds. • Consist of hard skeleton of bones & cartilage found inside the body – made up of calcium & phosphate. • Works with the muscular system to perform movement & locomotion. It support the body & protects the organs.

  12. The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals • The functions of skeleton : • Provide shape & support • Enables movement (locomotion) • Protects internal organs • Stores calcium & phosphate ions • Produces blood cells • A firm base for the attachment of muscles

  13. The Necessity for Support & Locomotion in Humans & Animals Problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and locomotion, • gravitational force, friction & resistance when moving around • Aspect need to be considered when describing the locomotion of an animal :- • Stability – when it moves, it is temporarily unstable, but its stability will be restored when it stops. • Support – must have enough support from its body’s skeleton • Propulsion – must be propelled in order to move

  14. HOW TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEMS? • RESISTANCE & FRICTION – by streamlining their bodies. • GRAVITATIONAL FORCE – most animals have their own supporting structures (fins – fishes, wings – birds & strong limbs – tetrapods & humans)  provide the propulsive force to overcome the problem

  15. The skeletal system together with its muscles are designed specially to overcome the problems associated with support & locomotion of humans & animals. • To initiate locomotion, the force required is generated by contraction of muscles, whereas the movement is transmitted by the skeleton.

  16. THE HUMAN SKELETON SYSTEM

  17. THE HUMAN SKELETAL SYSTEM • The adult human skeleton consist of 206 bones. • Divided into two main parts : the axial skeleton & the appendicular skeleton. • The axial skeleton : made up of the bones that form the vertical axis of the body. • It supports & protects the organs of the head, neck & trunk. (skull, vertebral column, rib cage)

  18. The appendicular skeleton : made up of the bones that are attached to the axial skeleton. • Include bones of the limbs, the pectoral girdle & the pelvic girdle.

  19. FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON • PROTECTION – the skull protects the brain, the vertebral column protects the spinal cord & the rib cage protects internal organs such as the heart. • SUPPORT – act as a framework to support the soft body parts, to maintain the upright position & to keep the body stable.

  20. FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON • MOVEMENT – bones interact with the skeletal muscle. • BLOOD CELL FORMATION – most of the blood cells are formed in the bone marrow of the long bones. • MINERAL STORAGE – bones act as a reservoir for calcium & phosphorus.

  21. SKELETAL SYSTEM

  22. THE AXIAL SKELETON

  23. THE SKULL • Made up of 8 cranial bones & 14 facial bones including the upper jaw & the lower jaw. • The facial bones also provide support & protect the entrances to the respiratory system.

  24. SKULL

  25. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • Known as the spine/ backbone. • Extends from the base of the skull to the pelvic girdle. • Made up of 33 vertebrae separated from each other by discs of cartilage (intervertebral discs) which absorb shocks & serve as flex point. • This S-shaped column supports & balances the body in a vertical plane & protects the spinal cord, supports the skull & provides a base for the attachment of muscles to the back.

  26. VERTEBRAL COLUMN • The vertebrae differ in structure & function in different regions of the vertebral column. • A vertebra typically consists of a main body (the centrum), a neural arch & transverse processes.

  27. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  28. VERTEBRAL COLUMN

  29. TYPES OF VERTEBRAE

  30. CERVICAL VERTEBRA

  31. THORACIC VERTEBRA

  32. THORACIC VERTEBRA (12)

  33. LUMBAR VERTEBRA

  34. LUMBAR VERTEBRA

  35. SACRUM & COCCYX

  36. SACRUM & COCCYX

  37. THE STERNUM & RIBS • The rib cage consists of 12 pairs of ribs with the thoracic vertebrae at the back portion of the body & join to the sternum in the front portion. • Movement of the rib cage are brought about by intercostal muscles between the ribs.

  38. THE STERNUM & RIBS • The sternum & ribs enclose & protect the internal organs (the lungs & heart) & play an important role in breathing.

  39. THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

  40. PECTORAL GIRDLE • Consist of scapula & clavicle. • Links the upper limbs bones to the axial skeleton. • The scapula : bound by muscles to the back of the thorax. It is a flat, triangular bone which provides a surface for the attachment of muscles.

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