Chapter 2:

1. Chapter 2: The Land and Its Early People

2. History • Written: began in Africa about 6000 years ago. • Pre-history: before written records • Hieroglyphics: early writing that used pictures and symbols • Oral: stories or narratives passed down from older generations to younger generations. • Traditions, beliefs, folklore,… • Thanksgiving table • Crazy Uncle • Culture: describes the beliefs, traditions, music, art and social institutions of a group of people,

3. Sources • Primary Source: Original account • Letters, diaries, speeches, autobiographies, newspaper reports, gov’t documents, business records, oral accounts, old photos, buildings, tools, clothing, art, grave markers… • Hernando De Soto (1540)…one of the 1st Europeans to WRITE eyewitness accounts about Indians • Secondary Sources: second hand accounts • Written by people who did not witness events • Biographies, text books, maps, encyclopedias… • Hypothesis: preliminary conclusion • B.C.: Before Christ • A.D.: Anno Domini • Circa: around or approximately

4. Early America Christopher Columbus • Thought he was in the East Indies— ”Indians” • Believed to have come from Asia 30,000 years earlier. • New World: • North AND South America Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria

5. Archaeologists v. Anthropologists • Archaeologists: study the artifacts and fossils to learn about the life and people of early times. • Anthropologists: study the development of human culture…”Paint us a picture of the times.” • Carbon 14 Testing: used to help date artifacts and fossils • Organic matter only…plants and animals • Dr. W.F. Libby

6. Land Bridge During the Ice Age, the sea level was much lower than today…forming a “Land Bridge” between Asia and North America. • Beringia: land between present day Alaska and Siberia (1300 miles wide) • Nomadic tribes followed the animal herds across this bridge becoming the Early Indian cultures of America. • 4x length of Georgia • P. 51

7. Indian Cultures-PAWMp. 57 “Cause and Effect” 4 Indian Cultures (Tribes) • Paleo: 10,000 years ago • Archaic: 8000BC to 1000BC • Early , Middle, Late • Woodland: 1000BC to 1000AD • Mississippian: 700AD to 1600AD

8. PALEO • Earliest known Indian culture. • Paleolithic Age (Very old) • Tools and weapons made mostly of stone • Atlatl: spear throwing device • Nomadic: roaming hunters who followed animals for food. • Mammoths, bison, sloth… • Hunting methods included chasing off cliffs (Bones) • Paleo Sites in Georgia: • Flint, Savannah, Ocmulgee

9. ARCHAIC Early (8000-5000BC) • The larger game slowly became extinct forcing the Indians to hunt smaller animals. • Deer, rabbit, turkey, fish… • Spears and points became smaller • Archeologists found weapons made of rock not found in GA. • Trade or Migration • Fall: lived where berries, nuts fruits were available • Summer: good fishing locations • Spring & Winter: migrated for other food sources.

10. ARCHAIC Middle (5000-4000BC) • As areas grew drier and warmer, coastlines and riverbeds became exposed— mussels, clams, and shellfish. • Middens: heaps/piles of shells • Hooks made of animal bone for fishing • Longer/lighter spears traveled farther and more accurate—no longer needed to hunt as often. • Small groups begin to join together outside the family structure

11. ARCHAIC Late (4000-1000BC) • Discovery of grooved axe with wooden handle. • Excavations: archeological diggings • Horticulture: science of growing plants and trees • Saving seeds • Stallings Island: mound of mussel and clam shells…burial grounds, fire hearths, pipes, axes and shell beads • Villages were becoming more permanent. Stallings Island Excavation Site

12. POTTERY • One of the greatest contributions the Archaic Indians made to advancement of civilization. • Sherds: bits of broken pottery • Allowed for the storing and preservation of food, causing Indians to stay in one place longer! Broken Pottery with engravings

13. WOODLAND • Several families or camps would come together to form TRIBES: • A group of people who share a common ancestry, name, and way of life • Bow and Arrow: made of stone, shark teeth and antlers. • Pottery made to last longer • Mixed with sand and dried in sun • Evidence of religious ceremonies • Burial Mounds • Rock Eagle Mound: made of quartz in the shape of a bird. • No Explanation…theory. • Effigy: image of person or animal

14. MISSISSIPPAIN Temple Mound Period • Highest prehistoric civilization in Georgia • First discovered villages along the Mississippi River • Villages, towns, and farms • Practiced a religion • Evidence of Civilization: • Grow most of their food • Crop rotation- plant in different fields (replenish nutrients) • Jewelry, tattoos, hair styles, elaborate clothes • Settlements with protective fences and moats • Palisade: wall made of tall posts • Wattle and Daub: structure made of wood and clay • Religious centers to village • DISAPPEARED without a trace…Disease, enemies…?

15. MISSISSIPPIAN • Ocmulgee National Monument: • Ceremonial lodge built of red clay • Used for religious and village meetings • Etowah Indian Mounds: • 7 pyramid-shaped mounds • Graves and bodies found • Carved marble statues • Kolomoki Indian Mounds: • 300 acres with one mound, 50 feet high, 320 feet long • Many workers using primitive tools over a long period of time. Etowah Indian Mounds

16. Cherokee & Creek Confederacy • Confederacy: Nation • 14 Tribes of with similar language and way of living • Called “Creek” by the Europeans because that is where they were found to be living. • Chiefdom: Social and political institution • Ruled by a priest/chief • One to many villages • Coweta: War town (Columbus) • Tribal war decisions were made here • Cusseta: Peace town (Ft. Benning) • Tribal peace plans and treaties were discussed here • Took on some of the European lifestyles • GOVERNMENT

17. Creek and Cherokee Lifestyles • Villages on high banks • Rich soil • Water • Defensive • Fish • Houses • Religious Ceremonies • Games & Recreation Swimmer: Cherokee medicine man who related his “stories” to anthropologists into written history.

18. Indian Belief Systems • Gods and spirits • Cleanse themselves • In and Out • Believed in an Afterlife: • Brave warriors and faithful women rewarded • Cowards and thieves punished

19. “This World” • Believed they were on an island • Hung from the sky by 4 cords • East-Red (life and success) • West-Black (death) • North-Blue (cold, trouble, defeat) • South-White (warmth, happiness, peace) • Each tribe thought it to be the center of the universe • Orderly and predictable • Did not like change • Illness and bad luck came to those who misbehaved.

20. Laws and ceremonies • Purification of one’s self: • Inside: black tea • Outside: sweat house/cold stream • Green Corn Ceremony: • To give thanks and to forgive wrongs done to them… Murder was not forgiven! • Law of Retaliation (Most Important): • A person harmed has the right to harm the first in a similar manner… • “An eye for an eye”

21. “Upper World v. Under World” • Upper World: • Order and expectation • Pure • Sky vault • Controlled day/night • Under World: • Disorder and change • Below the water • Cannibals, ghosts and witches

22. Gods and Spirits Kanati GHOST

23. Sun (Female): Power of night and day Life and breath Kind hearted and watched over this world Moon (Male): Sun’s brother Rain and fertility Kanati (Male): “Red man who lived in the sky vault in the East” Voice of thunder Long Man (Male): River Head rested in the hills and feet in the lowlands Lesser Beings: Underworld Treated with honor to avoid spread of disease The Immortals: Invisible Lived in the mountains Cherokee legend: drove away attacking tribes Little People: Short with long hair Mischievous…insanity Ghosts: Spirits that would cause illness and disease Murdered spirits stay until avenged Gods and Spirits

24. Animals • Deer: greatest 4-footed animal • Birds: Sacred as they came in contact with Upper World • Eagle: Peace and order • Falcon: Eyesight • Turkey Buzzard: Healing • Turkey/Red-Bellied Woodpecker: War • Rattlesnake: • Meat: fierce • Rattles: scare enemies • Oil: sore joints • Fangs: draw blood/healing • Bones: necklaces • Owl: a witch due to humanlike eyes

25. BEAR “Smarter than the average bear!” • Believed to be once a man who failed to avenge wrongs done to his people. • Indians asked all animals for forgiveness EXCEPT for the bear, because they were men being punished and did not deserve Indian respect! • Go CHIEFS—BEAT the Grizzlies!!!

26. PLANTS • Friends to humans • Corn (MAIZE): • Most important • Plants used in ceremony and healing: • Bear Grass Root: snakebites and rheumatism • Ginseng: shortness of breath/stop bleeding • Angelica Root: back pain • Spicebush tea: cleaned blood • TABACCO: special plant used in ceremonial purposes asking for blessings from the Gods. • Pure, white smoke rose to the Upper World

27. Indian Society • Mother-centered Family Systems: • Women at the center of clans (Related by blood) • Women had a voice in anything that affected the tribe • Child is only related by blood to its mother • Mother’s brothers (uncles) acted as the father figure

28. Indian Government • Clan: who could marry; punish wrongs • Village: headman and elders made up council • Advised tribal chief • Tribe: some had 2 chiefs (War & Peace) • Many villages • Nation or Confederacy • Many tribes

29. Indian Words of Georgia • Dahlonega: Yellow Money (Cherokee) • Chickamauga: sluggish or dead water • Ocmulgee: babbling water (Cherokee) • Chatooga: He has crossed the river and come out on the other side • Tallulah: awesome (Cherokee)

30. Credits • Page 1: http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/paleoind.htm • Page 1: http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/archaic.htm • Page 3: http://www.sailtexas.com/columbusships2.jpg • Page 4: http://www.usd.edu/anth/midarch/archdo.htm • Page 4: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-01/iu-af4011705.php • Page 5: http://www.alaskancities.com/ • Page 7: http://www.uark.edu/depts/contact/paleo.html • Page 8: http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/archaic.htm • Page 9: http://www.fotosearch.com/IMP163/ingfmysb0011/ • Page 10: http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/sassaman/pages/research/stallings/StalPage.htm • Page 11: http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Prehistoric_Ceramic_Web_Page/Prehistoric%20Ware%20Descriptions/Townsend_Series_Images.htm • Page 12: http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/woodland.htm • Page 14: http://notatlanta.org/etowahmounds.html • Page 14: http://www.cr.nps.gov/seac/delta.htm

31. Credits 2 • Page 16: http://cherokeehistory.com/image1.html • Page 17: http://www.cherokeeswestern.com/artgallery1.htm • Page 20: http://www.cherokeescouter.org/camps/cherokee/Camp%20Cherokee%20Totem%20Pole.htm • Page 21: http://www.meredith.edu/nativeam/kanati_&_selu.htm • Page 21: http://www.manataka.org/page77.html • Page 21: http://www.netaxs.com/~mhmyers/moon.tn.html • Page 21: http://www.afunk.com/other/realghostbusters/ • Page 23: http://www.travel2canada.com/pics/hide/deer.jpg • Page 23: http://www.owlpages.com/species/otus/seductus/balsas_screech1.html • Page 24: http://members.aol.com/PaulEC2/yogi.html • Page 26: http://www.aprint4all.com/images/Native%20American%20Wife.jpg • Page 27: http://www.csulb.edu/depts/history/default/ugrad/pflegerS01/images/AmIndLanguageMap.jpg