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Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Skeletal Tissues. Connective Tissues. Bones Cartilage. Types of bones:. Long – (long) femur, humerous Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal Flat – (broad/thin) skull, scapulae Irregular – (varies/groups) vertebrae Sesamoid – single - patella. Parts of a long bone:.

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Chapter 7

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  1. Chapter 7 Skeletal Tissues

  2. Connective Tissues Bones Cartilage

  3. Types of bones: • Long – (long) femur, humerous • Short - (cube/box) carpal, tarsal • Flat – (broad/thin) skull, scapulae • Irregular – (varies/groups) vertebrae • Sesamoid – single - patella

  4. Parts of a long bone: • Diaphysis – shaft • Epiphysis – end • Metaphysis – between diaphysis and epiphysis Articular cartilage – thin layer of hyline cartilage – shock Medullary cavity – in diaphysis – yellow marrow Endosteum – epithelial lining inside medullary canal of long bones

  5. Bone tissue • Osseous • Contains cells, fibers, extracellular matrix, collagen • Extracellular matrix is calcified and more abundant in bones than any other tissue • Rigidity provides support and protection

  6. Composition of bone matrix • Inorganic salts • Organic matrix

  7. Inorganic salts: • Calcium, phosphate (hydroxyapatite) • Process of deposition – calcification • Other variables detectable – • sodium • Sulfate • Fluoride • Magnesium

  8. MicroscopicBone density:

  9. Organic matrix: • Collagen fibers, protein, and polysaccharides (ground substance) • Present for growth/ repair • Connective tissue cells secrete gel-like substance • Chondroitin sulfate – (GAG – glycosaminoglycan) repair and maintanance • These components allow for plastic-like resilience

  10. Lab exercise:

  11. Microscopic Structure of Bone • Compact Bone • Cancellous Bone • Types of Bone Cells

  12. Compact Bone • Many cylinder-shaped structures – osteons (Haversian systems) • Allows for delivery system of nutrition/waste

  13. Osteon structures • Lamellae – calcified matrix • Lacunae – “little lakes” contains tissue fluid • Canaliculi – canals running all directions • Haversian canal – lengthwise – blood/lymph vessels

  14. Transverse canal • Volkmann’s canals are for communication – nerves and vessels that carry blood/lymph to the bone surface

  15. Cancellous bone • Spongy – not compact • Trabeculae – needle-like spikes which allows for cellular exchange of nutrients and waste • See diagram pg. 194 which refers to the sandwich effect of the compact / cancellous bone

  16. Types of bone cells • Osteoblast – formation • Osteoclast – reabsorption • Osteocyte – mature

  17. Bone marrow • Soft, diffuse connective tissue • Also called myeloid tissue • Produces blood cells

  18. Two types of marrow • Yellow – fat saturated – no blood cell production • Red – erythrocyte production

  19. Bone marrow transplantation • Harvested from vertebra/hip • Donation via I.V. • Without rejection, the pt. may begin new growth within the marrow

  20. Functions of bone • Support • Protection • Movement • Mineral storage • Hematopoiesis

  21. Regulation of calcium levels • 98% of calcium in bones • Regulation due to new growth and breakdown/reabsorption • Essential for clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, thyroid hormone production

  22. Hormone regulation • Parathyroid – bone remodeling, renal calcium absorption, stimulation of Vit D synthesis • Calcitonin – thyroid – decrease of circulating levels of calcium

  23. Bone development • All structure in-utero begins as cartilage and fibrous structures • Cartilage is then replaced with calcified bone matrix • Osteogenesis • Strength of bone comes from use • Endochondral ossification – bone from cartilage • Intramembranous ossification – bone from fibrous membrane

  24. Epiphyseal plate • Between diaphysis and epiphysis • Continual osteoblast formation and matrix calcification until maturity

  25. Epiphysial plate

  26. Developmental

  27. Maturity

  28. Repair of fratures • Considerations – blood vessels, nerves, type of fracture • Fracture hematoma • Immobilization • Vitos – synthetic calcium matrix

  29. Immobilization of fractures

  30. Types

  31. Cartilage - hyaline • Hyaline – glassy, grissle • Most common • Covers artricular surface • Chondral surface • Tracheal rings • Nose • Bronchii

  32. Elastic • External ear • Epiglottis

  33. Fibrocartilage • Small matrix, abundant fibrous material • Strong, rigid • Symphysis pubis • Intervertebral disks • Tendonous articulations

  34. Cartilangeous growth • Interstitial • Appositional

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