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Module 15: Civil Rights 1953 - 2010

Module 15: Civil Rights 1953 - 2010. Lesson 1: Taking on Segregation Lesson 2: The Triumphs of a Crusade Lesson 3: Challenges and Changes in the Movement Lesson 4: Hispanic and Native Americans Seek Equality Lesson 5: Women Fight for Equality Lesson 6: The Struggle Continues.

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Module 15: Civil Rights 1953 - 2010

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  1. Module 15: Civil Rights 1953 - 2010 Lesson 1: Taking on Segregation Lesson 2: The Triumphs of a Crusade Lesson 3: Challenges and Changes in the Movement Lesson 4: Hispanic and Native Americans Seek Equality Lesson 5: Women Fight for Equality Lesson 6: The Struggle Continues

  2. Basic Responses to Injustice • Ignore/Accept • 1870s-1917 • Black Codes, Jim Crow, Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • Rise of KKK • Sharecropping=slavery • Although: 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

  3. Basic Responses to Injustice • Move/Migrate (Vote with your feet) • WWI: 1890s-1920s: 2 million Blacks move • Factory jobs, opportunities, patriotism • WWII: 1940-1950: 1.6 million move North • 1940-1945: 5 million rural to urban areas • Marcus Garvey: Back to Africa in 1920s

  4. Basic Responses to Injustice • Respond/React: • Booker T. Washington’s approach • W.E.B. DuBois’ approach • Serving the nation—hoping for benefits • Civil War: Casualty rate 40% higher • Spanish-American War: 25% of all soldiers • WWI: % of Black soldiers 2x higher • Harlem Renaissance • Cultural pride • Literature, poetry, music, jazz

  5. Taking on Segregation • Plessy v. Ferguson Case: 1896. Court ruled that separate facilities did not violate the 14th Amendment • Thus, Jim Crow laws continued • World War II gave birth to modern civil rights movement • Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas: 1954 • Role of Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP • Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson • Separate but equal is not equal • Public schools must integrate “with all deliberate speed”

  6. Thurgood Marshall: 1954-1991 • Lawyer for the NAACP during the Brown case • Appointed as first African American Supreme Court Justice in 1968

  7. Reaction to the Brown Decision • Much resistance to the decision • White Citizens Councils • KKK • US Government reluctant to enforce the ruling • Leads to a crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas: Gov. Orval Faubus • Little Rock 9: September 1957 • Pres. Eisenhower is forced to act to uphold the Brown decision • Yet, things did not progress smoothly • Civil Rights Act of 1957 in the face of tremendous resistance

  8. Freedom Now! • Montgomery Improvement Association—SCLC (1957) • Nonviolent but very confrontational • Concept of Civil Disobedience • Led by M.L. KingRosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) • Young Black students—sit-ins 1958-1960 • Formed basis of SNCC: Stokely Carmichael

  9. Rosa Parks • Montgomery, AL bus boycotts • Montgomery Improvement Association & MLK • Boycott in place for almost a year

  10. Little Rock Nine: 1957 • Nine African American high school students were prevented from attending a white school by Arkansas Governor, OrvalFaubus • President Eisenhower intervened, providing the students with a military escort

  11. Congress of Racial Equality: 1942 • Utilized nonviolent techniques to protest segregation • Organized like a trade union • Initiated the infamous “Freedom Rides” in the South and the 1963 March on Washington • Violence in South—Bull O’Connor (Birmingham) • JFK sends Marshals to protect “riders

  12. James Meredith: 1962 • Admitted to the University of Mississippi, but was barred from entering by segregationist Governor Ross Barnett • U.S. Marshals sent by John F. Kennedy escorted him in on Oct. 1, 1962 • First black student at the University of Mississippi

  13. Medgar Evers: 1963 • President of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership which organized boycotts of businesses that were segregated • Assassinated by a Ku Klux Klan member in his own driveway

  14. Civil Rights Acts • Civil Rights Act of 1957: • Made it a federal crime to prevent qualified people from voting • Set up Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations • Civil Rights Act of 1964: • Outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places and employment • Discredited Jim Crow laws • Voting Rights Act of 1965: • Outlawed discriminatory voting practices such as poll taxes and literacy tests

  15. Civil Rights Act: 1964 • Outlawed racial segregation in schools, public places and employment • Discredited Jim Crow laws • Result of: • “I Have a Dream Speech”, Aug. 1963 • Birmingham Church Bombing, Sept. 1963 • Assassination of JFK, Nov. 1963

  16. Voting Rights • Voting rights follows the end of segregation • Focus on Mississippi: Blacks 40% of population but only 5% registered to vote • Literacy tests, fear and intimidation, Poll Taxes

  17. SNCC and SCLC • Coordinate voter registration drives • Robert Moses—focus on McComb, MS • 12, 000/250, 000 • Intimidation, violence, KKK • Little support from the US gov • Blacks themselves were reluctant

  18. Change in Strategy • Volunteers from North • Get whites involved (an American issue) • 24th Amendment (Jan. 1964) outlawed poll taxes for federal elections • Freedom Summer • June 21: Yet, the murder of Goodman, Chaney, Schwerner in Philadelphia, MS

  19. Not Much Success at First • FBI has to be called in to investigate • Only 1600 newly registered voters • Focus on Selma, AL in 1965: 15,000/383,000 • King organizes march to Montgomery • Huge success/1000s arrive to support

  20. Voting Rights Act: 1965 • Outlawed discriminatory voting practices which disenfranchised minority voters • Poll taxes • Literacy tests • By 1968, # of eligible African American voters Increased

  21. Challenges • Many Blacks begin to question the non-violent approach of Dr. King: Nation of Islam (Wallace Ford 1930) • Agenda of Elijah Muhammad and Black Muslims • Black supremacy and nationalism • Separate Black republic in US • Strict discipline in movement • Focus on self-reliance • Recruited Blacks in prisons

  22. Malcolm X • Black separatism and “by any means necessary” • Yet, by 1964 embraced the idea of “the unity of all peoples” • Murdered by other Black Muslims 1965

  23. Movement Fractures • Many turning away from non-violence • Blacks resent whites in civil rights organizations • Role of Stokely Carmichael a. March for James Meredith b. Convinces NAACP and Urban League not to participate c. More focus on protesting Vietnam War: kicked out of SNCC 4) More of a focus on “Black Power” 5) Black Panther Party: B. Seale, H. Newton

  24. Movement Fractures, cont’d… 6) Major backlash by whites against movement 7) 1965-1967: Urban violence (Watts Riots in L.A.) 8) Kerner Commission: “Two societies” 9)King shifts focus to Black economic inequality • Poor People’s Campaign—Washington, D.C, Memphis

  25. Challenges • Specific questions to answer: • Why do some in the Civil Rights Movement begin to question the non-violent approach of M.L. King? • Describe, in detail the agenda of Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) • What changes did Malcolm X go through in his ideas on civil rights? How did these changes reflect other, earlier trends in the Civil Rights movement? • What was King’s response towards “Black Power?” Did this cause any dilemmas for King? How did all of this represent splits in the Civil Rights movement?

  26. Challenges • How did whites respond to Black Power? • Did King begin to shift his focus regarding civil rights? How? Why? • Memphis: Sanitations Workers’ Strike • Washington, D.C: Poor Peoples’ Campaign • Chicago: Housing issues

  27. Major Changes • Peaceful Movement: comes to an end: late 1960s • Assassination of King 1968 • SCLC Poor Peoples’ Campaign fizzles out • SCLC basically done (Ralph Abernathy) • Decline in Black Power Movement also • FBI pressure and infiltration • Internal divisions: Carmichael and SNCC • Attempted merger: Panthers and SNCC • SNCC disbands, Panthers in trouble • Split in Black Muslims 1978 • Wallace Muhammad • Louis Farrakan and the Nation of Islam

  28. Backlash from Whites • Busing key issue • Original Supreme Court decision 1971 • Bussing to achieve racial balance is good • Milliken v. Bradley 1974 • Detroit: Reverses busing/school integration

  29. Affirmative Action • Programs in trouble • Quota system, yet… • University of California v. Bakke 1978 (reverse discrimination) • Race can be a factor in admissions yet quota system is struck down • BUT: Carl Stokes = 1st Black mayor • BUT: 31% of all Blacks below poverty line

  30. Others Join In… • Other minority groups begin to express their anger: • Hispanics • Asians • Native Americans • Women • Developmentally Challenged

  31. Women’s Rights • Part of the upheaval of the 1960s: Rebellion • 1963: Betty Friedan The Feminine Mystique • Women were dissatisfied: trapped in domesticity • Work issuesmore and more women working • 25% working in 194035% in 1960 • By 1963, 25 million women = 1/3 of the US work force • YET: On average, earning 40% less • Kennedy: Equal Pay Act • Commission on the Status of Women

  32. Title VII (1964) • Became part of Civil Rights Bill of 1964 • Outlawed sexual discrimination in employment • Created Equal Opportunity Commission

  33. More Activism • More radical • Gloria Steinem and NOW • 1971 National Women’s Political Caucus • Encourages women to get more politically involved • Editor of Ms. Magazine • Equal pay and opportunities in the workplace

  34. Progress in the 1970s • Educational Amendments Act 1972 • Equal Rights Amendment 1972 (never ratified) • Roe v. Wade 1973

  35. Split in Women’s Movement • Similar to civil rights • Movement only about rich, white women • At times, offended more traditional women • ERA and Roe threatened traditional family values • Phyllis Schlafly • Conservative response to movement • Big debate: What is proper role of women? • How can women express rights and freedoms?

  36. More Groups Mobilize • “Red Power” Movement from 1960s • Self-determination to run their own affairs • Payments for lands taken by whites in US history • American Indian Movement (AIM) 1968: Russell Means • Much more aggressive and militant approach • Renewal of Indian rights/culture—occupations • Alcatraz Island 1969 • Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, D.C. 1972 • Trading post and land—Wounded Knee, SD 1973

  37. More Groups Mobilize, cont’d… • Rights for Disabled Americans: Ed Roberts • Rehabilitation Act of 1973 • Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975

  38. More Groups Mobilize, cont’d… • Rights for Elderly Americans • American Association of Retired People (AARP) 1958 • National Council of Senior Citizens—low income • “Gray Panthers” Maggie Kuhn • Old Americans Act 1965: Income/ Medical care

  39. More Groups Mobilize, cont’d… • Rights for Children • “Won’t someone please think of the children?” • Court case “In Re Gault” minors accused of crimes have same rights as adults • Children’s Bill of Rights 1970 • Children’s Defense League 1975—Marian Wright Edelman

  40. Video Links • The Murders of 1964: Freedom Summer • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDqf0B2_j1A&t=179s • Freedom Riders • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zBY6gkpbTg&t=70s • I Have Dream Speech • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE • Integration of Central High School • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qk1tTCk2Kks&t=70s

  41. More Video Links • Malcolm X: Plymouth Rock Speech • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffqVJWP5OeU • H. Rap Brown: Just As Important Today • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JOZZy57Ez4 • Watts: 1965 “Time” • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zV9X-E6gc0 • Remembering Freedom Summer • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3-Vg6BYcvMc&t=133s • From Selma to Montgomery • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gM-tfj6lp6w&t=1s

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