Hydrosphere

1. Hydrosphere 7th Period

2. The Water Cycle How our planet quenches its thirst.

3. Precipitation • Water Molecules travel between the atmosphere and earths surface. • A.K.A. RAIN,SNOW,SLEET,HAIL…

4. Evaporation • Water evaporates and leaves behind salts and other impurities on the surface. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from parts of plants, especially leaves, also stems, flowers and roots.

5. Condensation Water vapor, which is a gas, rises into the air. As it cools and condenses into drops of liquid water it forms clouds.

6. The FourOceans • Pacific • 165,640,000 square km • The deepest point is the Challenger deep, which is 11,033 m below sea level • The currents move clockwise in the north of the equator and counterclockwise in the south of the equator. • Atlantic • 81,630,000 square km • It covers 22% of the Earth’s surface • Located between the continents of North and South America, Europe, Africa and Antarctica • Often referred to as “The Pond” Rachel Brown

7. Indian and Arctic • Indian- 73,420,000 square km • Average depth-3,890m • Carries a heavy traffic of petroleum • Arctic- 14,350,000 square km • Smallest of all the oceans • Much of the surface is covered by floating ice Rachel Brown

8. Salinity • Salinity is the concentration of all the dissolved salts. • The average salinity of ocean water is approximately 3.5 percent. Rachel Brown

9. There are 3 main layers of the ocean! 1. Surface 2. Thermocline 3. Deep zone

10. Surface Zone; * The surface layer… is the warm, top layer. Sunlight heats the top 100 m of the surface zone. * Surface currents mix warm water with the cooler water from below.

11. Theremocline; * Temperature in zone drops faster with increased depth than it does anywhere else. Deep Zone; * extends from base of middle layer (thermocline) to the bottom of the ocean * Temperature averages to about 2 degrees celcius.

12. Donovan Waryold Hydrosphere The ocean makes the temperature of the atmosphere change much slower that it normally would. If the ocean didn’t regulate atmospheric and surface temperatures it would be to extreme for life to exist on earth.

13. Donovan Waryold local temperatures all around the world are regulated by the world ocean.

14. Surface Currents Surface currents occur when water at the ocean’s surface is moved by winds that blow in certain patterns because of the Earth’s spin and Coriolis effect. The Coriolis effect makes moving objects appear to curve toward the right in the N. hemisphere and toward the left in S. hemisphere. Blacie Hunt

15. Surface Currents • Surface currents are primarily driven by the wind. Currents flowing toward the equator are generally cool, and currents flowing away are warm. • Temperature helps us determine the speed and direction of surface currents and about heat stored in ocean. Blacie Hunt

16. Surface Currents Oceanographers often divide the pacific and south pacific based on direction of surface current flow in each half of the pacific. Surface currents in the Pacific move in a clockwise direction north of the equator. Whereas surface currents flow in a counter clockwise direction south of the equator. The Atlantic ocean is also divided in to halves, north half and south half based on directions of surface current flow. Blacie Hunt

17. Formation of Deep Ocean Currents Deep ocean currents form when the cold water from the north and south poles sinks below warmer, less dense ocean water and flows toward the equator. This picture represents the oceans different temperatures. This picture was found at: www.earthzine.org Underwater currents are sixteen times stronger than all of the earths rivers combined Sierra Lewis

18. Antarctica’s coast is where the worlds densest and coldest water can be found. Sierra Lewis

19. How much of the world’s water is fresh? • About 70% of the Earth’s surface is made of water • Only 3% is fresh water Jordan Brown

20. Ice caps and glaciers - Only one percent of the earth’s fresh water is drinkable - The biggest amount of drinkable water is stored in ice caps or glaciers Jordan Brown

21. River Systems Rivers systems consist of rivers and streams that drain a river basin. They also contain all the landscape drained by a river. By: Matt Murphy

22. Tributaries By: Matt Murphy Tributaries are small creeks or rivers that flow into larger bodies of water. Tributaries do not empty into the sea but rather rivers.

23. Cite page • http://imagecache5.art.com/p/LRG/29/2967/PK7QD00Z/tony-wheeler-the-river-system-and-estuaries-near-the-gulf-of-carpenteria-queensland-australia.jpg • http://ak.water.usgs.gov/yukon/images/front/CharleyRiverAtYukon1.jpg • http://www.sussex-ouse.org.uk/map/images/Sussex-Ouse-Map-1.gif • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_system

24. Andrew Peters-Greer Hydrosphere: Groundwater • Groundwater – The water beneath the earth’s surface. • Groundwater accounts for a little under one 1% of all the water on earth.

25. How is ground water important? • Groundwater supplies water for many agricultural and industrial uses • 40% of people living in the United States use Ground water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, etc.

26. Hydrosphere • Aquifer – A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of ground water • Much Of the United States is underlain by aquifers Robbie Alexander

27. Recharge Zone • A recharge zone is the land where the water enters an aquifer • Recharge is the process of water refreshing an aquifer • This happens when rain filters through the rock or soil Robbie Alexander