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The Nervous System

The Nervous System. Function. Connects body process to one another Response to stimuli Control of voluntary effectors and mediation of voluntary reflexes. Function. Control of involuntary effectors and mediation of autonomic reflexes

francis-burnett
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The Nervous System

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  1. The Nervous System

  2. Function • Connects body process to one another • Response to stimuli • Control of voluntary effectors and mediation of voluntary reflexes.

  3. Function • Control of involuntary effectors and mediation of autonomic reflexes • (heart rate, blood pressure, glandular secretion, etc.) • Responsible for conscious thought and perception, emotions, personality, the mind.

  4. CNS & PNC

  5. Nervous System Cells • Neurons • Neuroglial Cells • Astrocytes • Microglial Cells • Oligodendrocytes • Ependymal Cells

  6. Astrocytes • Anchor neurons to blood vessels. • Transport nutrients • Part of “blood-brain barrier”

  7. Microglial Cells • Phagocytic cells to defend against pathogens • Remove damaged brain cells

  8. Oligodendrocytes • Provide myelin layer in Central Nervous System only • Myelin layer is provided by Schwann cells in Peripheral Nervous System

  9. Ependymal Cells • “Epithelia-like” • Line fluid filled cavities of the brain and spinal cord.

  10. Neuron

  11. Neural Pathway

  12. Review • Identify what you think was the most fundamental information that was just covered • Identify what you think was the most confusing or challenging information that was just covered

  13. Review • Turn and talk with your neighbor • Knees pointing at each other • Eye contact • Actively listen to your neighbor • Address any questions or concerns he/she may have as best you can • Ask teacher about any unanswered questions

  14. How is a impulse transmitted?

  15. Resting Potential • Resting Neuron – one that is not transmitting an impulse. • Polarized – slight positive charge outside the cell membrane, negative charge inside the cell. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YP_P6bYvEjE&feature=relmfu

  16. Neurons: Basic Units of the Nervous System

  17. Generating an Impulse • Resting Potential – The difference between the charge outside the cell and inside the cell • Threshold Level – The level of charge needed to trigger an impulse

  18. Generating an Impulse

  19. Impulse Pathway

  20. Dendrites • Receptors on dendrites are triggered

  21. Dendrites • Impulse is sent from the dendrites to the cell body

  22. Action Potential

  23. Action Potential • Resting Potential • Equilibrium of K+ ions and a slight negative charge inside the cell

  24. Action Potential • Depolarization • Threshold is reached and Na+ channels open • Na+ ions diffuse in causing a positive charge in the cell

  25. Action Potential • Na+ ions diffuse down the axon, triggering Na+ channels to open

  26. Action Potential • Repolarization • Na+ channels close and K+ channels open • K+ ions diffuse out of the cell, reducing the positive charge

  27. Action Potential • Hyperpolarization • Too many K+ ions diffuse out of cell • Action potential can not be generated • K+/Na+ pump restores equilibrium • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U0NpTdge3aw&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7EyhsOewnH4&feature=related

  28. Myelin Sheath • Myelin insulates positive charge allowing it to travel further and faster

  29. Review • Identify the one, most important, concept that a person needs to know about an action potential. • Identify a concept about an action potential that a person may get confused about

  30. Review • Turn and talk with your neighbor • Knees pointing at each other • Eye contact • Actively listen to your neighbor • Address any questions or concerns he/she may have as best you can • Ask teacher about any unanswered questions

  31. Synapse • Action Potential reaches the axon terminal • Neurotransmitters released from synaptic vesicles • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LT3VKAr4roo&feature=related

  32. Neurotransmitter Signal • Excitatory • Trigger threshold event • Inhibitory • Inhibit threshold event

  33. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine (+) • Stimulate muscle contractions • Monoamine • Epinephrine(+) • Dopamine(-) • Serotonin(-) • Histamine(+) • Amino Acids • Glycine • GABA(-) • Aspartic acid • Neuropeptides • Endorphins • Enkephalins

  34. Ending Transmission • Decomposed by enzymes • Reuptake – reabsorbed by synaptic knob

  35. Nervous System Flow Chart Draw a flow chart that organizes the nervous system. Use and define the following key words (in your own words). Illustrate each keyword with an image, be creative. This is a individual assignment. • Nervous System • Neurons • Internuerons • Motor Neurons • Sensory Neurons • Central Nervous System • Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic Nervous System • Reflex • Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic Nervous System • Parasympathetic Nervous System

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