The Settlement of the Chesapeake

1. The Settlement of the Chesapeake

2. Virginia

3. The London Company, Joint-Stock Company- spread out the risk Profit motive- make $

4. The Charter of the Virginia Company: • Guaranteed to colonists the same rights as Englishmen as if they had stayed in England.

5. Chesapeake Bay Geographic/environmental problems??

6. Jamestown Fort & Settlement Map

7. Goal of the colony was to make money for the London Joint-Stock Company Ill-prepared, too many gentlemen John Smith became the leader (non-gentleman) by necessity, started a work for food program Smith captured by the Indians Pocahontas threw herself on Smith to prevent his beheading? John Rolfe made the colony profitable with tobacco & later married Pocahontas Where self-government & slavery began in America Significance, 1st permanent English settlement in the new world Jamestown, 1607

8. Jamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)

9. Jamestown Housing

10. Jamestown Settlement

11. Jamestown Chapel, 1611

12. English Migration: 1610-1660

13. River Settlement Pattern Large plantations [>100 acres]. Widely spread apart [>5 miles]. PROBLEMS??? Jamestown Colonization Pattern:1620-1660

14. High Mortality Rates • The “Starving Time”: • 1607: 104 colonists • By spring, 1608: 38 survived • 1609: 300 more immigrants • By spring, 1610: 60 survived • 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants • 1624 population: 1,200 • Adult life expectancy: 40 years • Death of children before age 5: 80%

15. “Widowarchy” High mortality among husbands and fathers left many women in the Chesapeake colonies with unusual autonomy and wealth!

16. Captain John Smith:The Right Man for the Job?? There was no talk…but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold…

17. Pocahontas Pocahontas “saves” Captain John Smith A 1616 engraving

18. Chief Powhatan • Led a Confederacy of a tribes in the area • Powhatan probably sawthe English as allies in his struggles to control other Indian tribes in the region.

19. Typical PowhatanIndian Village

20. Indian Foods

21. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse. • General mistrust because of different cultures & languages. • English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times. • 1610-1614  First Anglo-Powhatan War • De La Warr had orders to make war on the Indians. • Raided villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.

22. Smith’s Portrayal of Native Americans

23. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • 1614-1622 peace between Powhatans and the English. • 1614 peace sealed by the marriage of Pocahontas to Englishman John Rolfe. • 1622-1644  periodic attacks between Indians and settlers. • Brought on by English tobacco land expansion into Indian lands • 1622  Indians attacked the English, killing 347 [including John Rolfe]. • Virginia Co. called for a “perpetual war” against the Native Americans. • Raids reduced native population and drove them further westward.

24. Powhatan Uprisingof 1622

25. Culture Clash in the Chesapeake • 1644-1646  Second Anglo-Powhatan War • Last effort of natives to defeat English. • Indians defeated again. • Peace Treaty of 1646 • Removed the Powhatans from their original land. • Formally separated Indian and English settlement areas. • Set the precedent of separating cultures and moving the Indians West for other English settlements.

26. John Rolfe What finally made the colony prosperous??

27. Tobacco Plant “Brown Gold”

28. Early Colonial Tobacco 1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco. 1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco. 1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco. 1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

29. Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710 Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?

30. Indentured Servitude • Indenture Contract: • 5-7 years. • Promised “freedom dues” [land, supplies, money] • Forbidden to marry. • 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts! • # 1 labor source in early America

31. Indentured Servitude • Headright System: • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid, led to a more hierarchical society

32. Virginia: “Child of Tobacco” • Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy: • Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing. • Ruinous to soil when continuously planted. • Chained VA’s economy to a single crop. • Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. • Need for cheap, abundant labor.

33. Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake settlement?

34. VirginiaHouse of Burgesses

35. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • Control over finances, militia, etc. • By the end of the 17c, H of B was able to initiate legislation. • 1624  James I revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company & VA became a royal colony, under the king’s direct control!

36. Analyze the causes of the development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies in the period of 1607-1776. In class essay, open notes- tomorrow

37. Underline your thesisstatement at the end of the first paragraph. Skip Linesbetween paragraphs, indent fully Intro: give background info Conclusion: talk about the near future impact, world context, and histiography DO NOT use present tense (is -> was) DO USE I, our, we, us, my, mine, you DO NOT conclude by saying that’s why things are the way they are today. You must finish by the end of class so that you know how long you have to write timed essay tests this year. Analyze the causes of the development of slavery in Britain’s North American colonies in the period of 1607-1776.

39. English Tobacco Label • First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. • Their status was not clear  perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants. • Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.

40. The Atlantic Slave Trade

41. Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade Upwards of 13 million people sold into slavery from Africa to the New World Profitability of sugar plantations in the Caribbean drove the 17th-century trade Height of the transatlantic slave trade came during the 18th century Middle Passage: voyage from Africa to America “Between the mid-fifteenth and the late nineteenth centuries, perhaps as many as 13 million men, women, and children crossed the Atlantic as slaves—a number not equaled by voluntary European migrants to the Americas until as late as the 1880s”(63).

42. The “Middle Passage”

43. Colonial Slavery • Beginning in 1662  “Slave Codes” • Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters. • In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write. • Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom. • SLAVERY • DEVELOPED IN EVERY COLONY!

44. After years of research, Ancestry.com has determined that Obama is the 11th great-grandson of John Punch, the first documented slave in American history. • "Two of the most historically significant African Americans in the history of our country are amazingly directly related," said Ancestry.com genealogist Joseph Shumway. • Ancestry.com also points out that "remarkably, the connection was made through President Obama's Caucasian mother's side of the family." • John Punch, an indentured servant in Colonial Virginia, was punished for trying to escape in 1640 by being declared a slave for life -- the first documented case of slavery. • More from Ancestry.com: • President Obama is traditionally viewed as an African-American because of his father's heritage in Kenya. However, while researching his Caucasian mother, Stanley Ann Dunham's lineage, Ancestry.com genealogists found her to have African heritage as well, which piqued the researchers' interest and inspired further digging into Obama's African-American roots.

45. What is more expensive to buy, indentured servants or African slaves?

46. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • By late 17th c., large numbers of frustrated former indentured servants (freedmen) existed • Most lived in western Virginia; resented planter aristocrats from the east. • Many too poor to own land; could not find wives, forced to squat for lands in western part of the colony. • Indians violently resisted white expansion in western Virginia. • Freedmen angry that governor of Virginia didn't protect white settlers from attacks. • Governor Berkeley & the House of Burgesses were generally friendly toward Indians b/c he monopolized the fur trade with them

47. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Nathaniel Bacon, an aristocrat in western Virginia and member of House of Burgesses, upset not part of the inner circle • mobilized a militia to protect whites from Indians. • Bacon's militia massacred Indians and set fire to Jamestown, forcing Governor Berkeley out of the city. • Bacon’s rebels opposed to aristocrats and Indians. • Bacon subsequently died of disease and Berkeley crushed the rebellion Nathaniel Bacon Governor William Berkeley

48. Governor Berkeley’s“Fault Line” East West Divide

49. Significance: • Planters saw white indentured servants as too difficult to control andsignificantly increased importation of black slaves while reducing numberof indentured servants. • Planter elite increasingly played the "race card": encouraged poor whites to discriminate against blacks. Planters feared blacks and poor whites could form an alliance again in the future. • Showed East-West (Rich-Poor, Coastal-Inland, Landed-Landless) divide common to most rebellions in US history • Practice rebelling against British Authority? Controversial idea

50. 17c Populationin the Chesapeake WHY this large increase in black popul.??