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IT:Network : Microsoft Server 2

IT:Network : Microsoft Server 2. Operation Roles and Multiple Domains. Operations Terms. Single-Master Replication NT 4.0 replication method Only the primary domain controller could right to the SAM database Other domain controllers could only handle authentication

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IT:Network : Microsoft Server 2

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  1. IT:Network: Microsoft Server 2 Operation Roles and Multiple Domains

  2. Operations Terms • Single-Master Replication • NT 4.0 replication method • Only the primary domain controller could right to the SAM database • Other domain controllers could only handle authentication • Server 2003 Mixed-mode is single master • Multi-master Replication • Active Directory replication method • Multiple DC’s can write to NTDS

  3. NT 4.0 v. 2000/2003/2008 • NT 4.0: maintains SAM on the PDC and only on the PDC. • NT 4.0: only changes can be made on PDC. Windows Server: accounts are managed through the directory through multimaster replication. This is only available in Native mode, not mixed mode, which supports Single-Master

  4. Server 2003/2008/2012 • With Active Directory, all DC’s are equal, although some are more equal than others. They maintain the FSMO roles (Flexible Single Master of Operations)…now simply called Operations Masters • FSMO pronounced PHIZZ-MO. • Roles: • RID Master • Schema Master • Domain Naming Master • PDC Emulator • Infrastructure Master • First DC maintains all 5.

  5. Schema Master • Is the working structure of the AD database. (think Access database with many tables that have many fields) • You can view the schema of AD by running mmc.exe /a and Add/Remove Snap-in->Active Directory Schema. • Things that change the schema: • Applications: Exchange Server, SQL Server • Adds additional fields to support apps

  6. Domain Naming Master • Modified with the AD Domains and Trusts Tool/Snap-in • Handles Domain naming when additional domains are brought into the forest • It’s the clearing house for domain names and prevents duplicate domain names to be brought in

  7. RID Master • Relative ID • Is generated when SIDS are created, it is the last 32 bits of the SID • All sids start out with S-1-5 and then appends random numbers to the end a • 1-b1-c1

  8. Infrastructure and PDC • Infrastructure • Speeds up the process of reflecting changes across the domains. • PDC • Used for legacy (pre W2k) systems • Knows the most up-to-date passwords • When a password is changed, the DC’s contact the PDC FSMO immediately • Also used for account unlocks

  9. Transferring Roles command line • Command to find out who has what? • Netdom query fsmo • Command to manage roles • NTDSUTIL • Connect to servername • Quit • Transfer fsmotypemaster • Or • Seize fsmotypemaster

  10. Why is this important to know? • Delegating the roles to other servers reduces the possibility of the network going down in the event of a failure on the first server. • Your company may purchase new servers to function as replica domain controllers, however the first domain controller contains all the operations roles and does not auto-magically nominate the new hardware to carry the load. • The roles would be transferred automatically if you retire the first domain controller by performing a dcpromo to demote the domain controller • Yes, DCPROMO is used to demote a domain controller.

  11. Designing a Domain Model • Your domain design is relative to the size of the network. • A small business typically will maintain a single server/domain controller setup. • Microsoft Small Business Server/Server Essentials • Domain Controller • Exchange Server • SQL Server • ForeFront Threat Management Gateway • Intranet • Maximum of 50 license

  12. Designing a Domain Model • Larger businesses (25+ clients) • Secondary Domain Controllers should be introduced for fault tolerance. • FISMO roles should be delegated appropriately • Larger Business with remote locations • Active Directory Sites and Services • Create site for remote location • Domain Controllers can be placed at the remote locations to help with authentication. • Replication decisions have to be made based on the connection speed between the sites. • Must determine how dynamic the network is • If the network does not change often, replication can be scheduled at off peak time.

  13. Forest-wide Time Synchronization • All DC’s should be within 5 minutes of each other. • Kerberos fails if time sync is DC’s disagree on time • Member servers and workstations synchronize to the DC that logged them in. • PDC Emulators between domains must agree on time

  14. Windows 8 Server 2012 • Overview • Windows 8 OEMs • Server 2012 • Server Management • Active Directory Enhancements • Storage • Virtualization

  15. Overview • The Windows 8 interface has been “re-imagined” • Tile based “live” apps. • 2 UI’s • Tile based interface for supported apps • Desktop UI for traditional x86 apps • Interface was designed to be “seamless” when transitioning between Windows devices • Less learning curve between desktop down to mobile device

  16. Overview • Most management tools have been server focused • Driving force behind 2012 is to centralize server infrastructure management • All servers are centrally managed on the Dashboard • Windows 8 and Server 2012 share the same code base

  17. Overview • Microsoft has identified four key areas of advancement: • Virtualization • Centralized management • Modern workforce • New app platform

  18. Desktop OEMS • Windows 8 RT—designed for mobility. Only runs built-in apps or apps downloaded from Windows Store • Windows 8—consumer based version. Does can not be joined to domain • Windows 8 Pro—Domain joinable, BitLocker, Hyper-V • Windows 8 Enterprise--

  19. Windows 8 OEMS • Features and system requirements: • http://www.cdw.com/shop/search/software-titles/microsoft-windows-8.aspx • http://windows.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/compare

  20. Server 2012 • System Requirements

  21. Server Management • PowerShell • No one really uses it to it’s capacity • Server 2012 provides expandable pane to reveal underlying PowerShell commands to accomplish certain tasks. • Copy/Paste code to use later for automation scripts • Better command “autocomplete” • More command-lets • 200 in 2008 R2 • 2300 in Windows Server 2012

  22. Server Management • Server ManagerReimagined

  23. Active Directory Enhancements • Three goals in mind • Active Directory (AD) needs to have virtualization that simply works • Must be simple to deploy • Must be simple to manage

  24. Active Directory Enhancements • Virtualization that works • Problems caused by AD • Virtual Image restoration • System thinks it from an earlier time (Time Traveler) • Update Sequence Numbers are used to keep track of replication of data between DCs. • Replication issues can occur (time stamps all jacked up) • Can cause an issue called USN rollback • http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/virtual_active_directory_domain_controller_virtualization_hyperv(WS.10).aspx#usn_and_usn_rollback

  25. Active Directory Enhancements • Virtualization that works • Server 2012 is “virtualization safe” • A virtual DC is able to detect when snapshots are applied or a virtual DC has been copied. • Uses VM generation ID (gen ID) • Works with Hyper-V and are currently working with other vendors to make sure it works in those environments.

  26. Active Directory Enhancements • Domain Controller Cloning • Deployment made easier by the gen ID technology • Upgrades and DCPromo Made Simple • Upgrade domains and forest entirely from Server Manager • No ADPREP/FORESTPREP/DOMAINPREP • DCPromo was made easier with a troubleshooting feature built in.

  27. Active Directory Enhancements • Administration Improvements • Any administrative tasks in AD can be accomplished using PowerShell • 2002300 cmdlets!!!! • Less building of scripts. Probably a cmdlet to do what you want. • AD Recyle Bin has been GUI-Ized • ADAC has a hidden PowerShell panel that you can view to see what are the equivalent PowerShell commands

  28. Active Directory Enhancements • Active Directory Product Activation • Uses LDAP instead of RPC • Still requires a KMS server

  29. Storage • Three primary improvements • Storage pools and spaces • CHKDSK

  30. Storage • Storage pools and spaces • Storage pools are units of storage aggregation that provide administration and isolation • Storage spaces are give virtual disks performance, resiliency, and simplified storage provisioning • Use storage spaces to consolidate individual storage devices rather than allocating logical drive mappings

  31. Storage • CHKDSK • Two phases • Online scan and corruption logging which checks for defects behind the scenes • Offline fixing phase that only corrects defects in drive data • Results in an exponentially faster CHKDSK process

  32. Virtualization • Hyper –V 3.0 Scalability • Supports up to 160 logical processors • 2 TB of RAM • Guests can support up to 32 VCPU’s and 512GB Ram per VM • More cost effective alternative to VMWare • VMWare private cloud comparable solutions can cost 5-16 times more than a Microsoft solution over 1-3 years. • Microsoft licenses on a per processor basis which makes the solutions more scalable and predictable

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