Government Bonds

1. 19 Government Bonds

2. Learning Objectives Before you loan money to Uncle Sam (and his relatives), you should know: 1. The basics of U.S. Treasury securities and how they are sold. 2. The workings of the STRIPS program and pricing Treasury bonds. 3. How federal agencies borrow money. 4. How municipalities borrow money.

3. Government Bonds • Our goal in this chapter is to examine the securities issued by federal, state, and local governments. • Together, these securities represent more than $6 trillion of outstanding debt.

4. Government Bond Basics, I. • In 2007, the gross public debt of the U.S. government was more than $5 trillion, making it the largest single borrower in the world. • The U.S. Treasury finances government debt by issuing marketable as well as non-marketable securities. • Municipal government debt is also a large debt market. • In the U.S., there are more than 85,000 state and local governments. • Together, they contribute about $2 trillion of outstanding debt.

5. Government Bond Basics, II. • Marketable securities can be traded among investors. • Marketable securities issued by the U.S. Government include T-bills, T-notes, and T-bonds. • Non-marketable securities must be redeemed by the issuer. • Non-marketable securities include U.S. Savings Bonds, Government Account Series, and State and Local Government Series.

6. U.S. Treasury Bills (T-bills) • T-bills are Short-term obligations with maturities of 13, 26, or 52 weeks (when issued). • T-bills pay only their face value (or redemption value) at maturity. • Face value denominations for T-bills are as small as $1,000. • T-bills are sold on a discount basis (the discount represents the imputed interest on the bill).

7. U.S. Treasury Notes (T-notes) • T-notes are medium-term obligations, usually with maturities of 2, 5, or 10 years (when issued). • T-notes pay semiannual coupons (at a fixed coupon rate) in addition to their face value (at maturity). • T-notes have face value denominations as small as $1,000.

8. U.S. Treasury Bonds (T-bonds) • T-bonds are long-term obligations with maturities of more than 10 years (when issued). • T-bonds pay semiannual coupons (at a fixed coupon rate) in addition to their face value (at maturity). • T-bonds have face value denominations as small as $1,000.

9. U.S. Treasury STRIPS • STRIPS: Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities • STRIPS were originally derived from 10-year T-notes and 30-year T-bonds • A 30-year T-bond can be separated into 61 strips - 60 semiannual coupons + a single face value payment • STRIPS are effectively zero coupon bonds (zeroes). • The YTM of a STRIP is the interest rates the investors will receive if the STRIP is held until maturity.

10. Example: Calculating the Price of a STRIPS • What is the price of a STRIPS maturing in 20 years with a face value of $10,000 and a semiannual YTM of 7.5%? • The STRIPS price is calculated as the present value of a single cash flow. That is,

11. Zero Coupon Bond Prices by Yield to Maturity and Maturity

12. Zero Coupon Bond Prices

13. WSJ Prices for Treasury Bonds, Notes and Bills

14. Treasury Bond and Note Prices • When a callable T-bond has a price above par, the reported yield is a yield to call (YTC). Since 1985 however, the Treasury has issued only non-callable bonds. • Because T-bonds and notes pay semiannual coupons, bond yields are stated on a semiannual basis. • The relationship between the price of a note or bond and its YTM was discussed in a previous Chapter (Bond Prices and Yields).

15. Straight Bond Prices and Yield to Maturity • Recall: The price of a bond is found by adding together the present value of the bond’s coupon payments and the present value of the bond’s face value. • The formula is: • In the formula, C represents the annual coupon payments (in $), FV is the face value of the bond (in $), and M is the maturity of the bond, measured in years.

16. Treasury Bond Prices and YTMfor Different Maturities

17. Inflation-Indexed Treasury Securities, I. • In recent years, the U.S. Treasury has issued securities that guarantee a fixed rate of return in excess of realized inflation rates. • These inflation-indexed U.S. Treasury securities: • Pay a fixed coupon rate on their current principal, and • Adjust their principal semiannually according to the most recent inflation rate

18. Inflation-Indexed Treasury Securities, II.

19. U.S. Treasury, General Auction Pattern • The Federal Reserve Bank conducts regularly scheduled auctions for T-bills, notes, and bonds. • 4-week, 13-week, and 26-week T-bills are auctioned weekly. • 2-year T-notes are auctioned monthly. • 5-year and 10-year T-note auctions occur about four times per year for each maturity. • The U.S. Treasury posts auction FAQs, results, and other details at: www.treasurydirect.gov

20. U.S. Treasury Auctions, Details • At each Treasury auction, the Federal Reserve accepts sealed bids of two types. • Competitive bids specify a bid price/yield and a bid quantity. Such bids can only be submitted by Treasury securities dealers. • Noncompetitive bids specify only a bid quantity, and may be submitted by individual investors. • The price and yield of the issue is determined by the results of the competitive auction process.

21. U.S. Treasury Auctions, More Details • All noncompetitive bids are accepted automatically and are subtracted from the total issue amount. • Then, a stop-out bid is determined. This is the price at which all competitive bids are sufficient to finance the remaining amount. • Since 1998, all U.S. Treasury auctions have been single-price auctions in which all accepted bids pay the stop-out bid.

22. U.S. Savings Bonds, I. • The U.S. Treasury offers an investment opportunity for individual investors by issuing two types of Savings Bonds: • Series EE Savings Bonds: • Have face value denominations ranging from $50 to $10,000, • Are sold at exactly half the face value. • Treasury guarantees the bond will double in value in no more than twenty years • Fixed interest rate (known at time of purchase) • Earn interest for up to thirty years • Accrue interest semiannually • Must be held at least one year • 3-month interest penalty if held for less than 5 years

23. U.S. Savings Bonds, II. • Series I Savings Bonds: • Have face value denominations ranging from $50 to $10,000. • Are sold at face value. • Earn interest for up to thirty years • Accrue interest semiannually (the interest rate is set at a fixed rate plus the recent inflation rate), and • Can be redeemed after 12 months • At redemption, the investor receives the original price plus interest earned • But, investors redeeming Series I bonds within the first 5 years of purchase incur a three-month earnings penalty

24. Federal Government Agency Securities • Most U.S. government agencies consolidate their borrowing through the Federal Financing Bank, which obtains funds directly from the U.S. Treasury. • However, several federal agencies are authorized to issue securities directly to the public. Examples include: • The Resolution Trust Funding Corporation • The World Bank • The Tennessee Valley Authority

25. Federal Government Agency Securities • Bonds issued by U.S. government agencies share an almost equal credit quality with U.S. Treasury issues. • They are attractive in that they offer higher yields than comparable U.S. Treasury securities. • However, the market for agency debt is less active than the market for U.S. Treasury debt. • Compared to T-bonds, agency bonds have a wider bid-ask spread.

26. Federal Government Agency Securities

27. Municipal Bonds • Municipal notes and bonds, or munis, are intermediate- to long-term interest-bearing obligations of state and local governments, or agencies of those governments. • Because their coupon interest is usually exempt from federal income tax, the market for municipal debt is commonly called the tax-exempt market.

28. Municipal Bonds • The federal income tax exemption makes municipal bonds attractive to investors in the highest income tax brackets. • However, yields on municipal debt are less than yields on corporate debt with similar features and credit quality. • The risk of default is also real despite their usually-high credit ratings.

29. Municipal Bonds

30. Municipal Bond Features • Municipal bonds: • Are typically callable. • Pay semiannual coupons. • Have a par value denomination of $5,000. • Have prices that are stated as a percentage of par value (though municipal bond dealers commonly use yield quotes in their trading procedures). • Are commonly issued with a serial maturity structure (hence the term serial bonds, versus term bonds). • May be putable, or have variable interest rates, or both (variable-rate demand obligation, VRDO), and • May be strippable (hence creating muni-strips).

31. Municipal Bond Quotes

32. Types of Municipal Bonds • Bonds issued by a municipality that are secured by the full faith and credit (general taxing powers) of the issuer are known as general obligation bonds (GOs). • Municipal bonds secured by revenues collected from a specific project or projects are called revenue bonds. • Example: Airport and seaport development bonds that are secured by user fees and lease revenues. • Hybrid bonds are municipal bonds secured by project revenues with some form of general obligation credit guarantees. • A common form of hybrid is the moral obligation bond.

33. Municipal Bond Credit Ratings

34. Municipal Bond Insurance • Insured municipal bonds, besides being secured by the issuer’s resources, are also backed by an insurance policy written by a commercial insurance company. • With bond insurance, the credit quality of the bond issue is additionally determined by the financial strength of the insurance company.

35. Equivalent Taxable Yield • Suppose you are trying to decide whether to buy: • A corporate bond paying annual coupon interest of 8%, or • A municipal bond paying annual coupon interest of 5% • How do you decide? • If the purchase was for a tax-exempt retirement account, the corporate bond is preferred because the coupon is higher. • But, if the purchase is not tax-exempt, the decision should be made on an after-tax basis. • That is, you must calculate an equivalent taxable yield or you must calculate an aftertax yield

36. Example: Equivalent Taxable Yield • Suppose you are in the 35% marginal tax bracket: • You would choose the corporate bond in this case (8% > 7.69%). • Instead, suppose you are in the 40% marginal tax bracket: • You would choose the municipal bond in this case (5% > 4.8%).

37. Example: Critical Marginal Tax Rate • What marginal tax rate would make you indifferent between purchasing the two bonds? • To answer this, you must calculate the critical marginal tax rate. • With these two bonds (8% Taxable and 5% Tax Exempt):

38. Taxable Municipal Bonds • The Tax Reform Act of 1986 imposed notable restrictions on the types of municipal bonds that qualify for federal tax exemption of interest payments. • In particular, the act expanded the definition of private activity bonds, which are taxable municipal bonds used to finance facilities used by private businesses. • The yields on such bonds are often similar to the yields on corporate bonds.

39. Useful Websites • www.treasurydirect.gov (lots of information on Treasuries) • www.investinginbonds.com (information on bonds, bonds, bonds) • www.ustreas.gov (visit the U.S. Treasury) • www.savingsbonds.com (for the latest on Savings Bonds) • www.sifma.org (Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association) • www.municipalbonds.com (check out munis) • www.firstmiami.com (First Miami - muni bonds purchasable on-line) • www.muniauction.com (Muni Bond Auction on-line)

40. Chapter Review, I. • Government Bond Basics • U.S. Treasury Bills, Notes, Bonds, and STRIPS • Treasury Bond and Note Prices • Inflation-Indexed Treasury Securities • U.S. Treasury Auctions • U.S. Savings Bonds • Series EE Savings Bonds • Series I Savings Bonds

41. Chapter Review, II. • Federal Government Agency Securities • Municipal Bonds • Municipal Bond Features • Types of Municipal Bonds • Municipal Bond Credit Ratings • Municipal Bond Insurance • Equivalent Taxable Yield • Taxable Municipal Bonds