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Full-sized Backdrops for Versatile Use

These backdrops can be scaled up and copy-pasted from templates, making them perfect for use in various settings. Find them at www.animationfactory.com.

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Full-sized Backdrops for Versatile Use

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  1. Backdrops: - These are full sized backdrops, just scale them up! - Can be Copy-Pasted out of Templates for use anywhere! www.animationfactory.com

  2. Backdrops: - These are full sized backdrops, just scale them up! - Can be Copy-Pasted out of Templates for use anywhere! www.animationfactory.com

  3. Elements Page

  4. The scope of linguistics A: 刚才和我跳舞的那位跳得太好啦！是你 们单位的吗？ B: 是的。 他妻子跳舞更好呢！ Syntax the study of meaning in the context of language use Pragmatics

  5. Chapter six Pragmatics

  6. 6.1 Some basic notions • Pragmatics: it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. It is a kind of meaning study. •  Pragmatics mainly derives from the study of semantics, but its focus is on speaker’s meaning, utterance meaning or contextual meaning. • Two major traditions •  Pragmatics focuses on such topics as deixis, speech acts, indirect language, principle of conversation, politeness, cross-cultural communication and presupposition.

  7. Pragmatics vs. Semantics • Semantics studies the meaning of language, which is considered as something intrinsic and inherent, i.e., meaning is studied in isolation from language use. I'm on T-shirt today. • Pragmatics is mainly concerned with the study of meaning in the context where language is actually used. • … is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

  8. Grammatical analysis vs. pragmatic analysis rules principles

  9. Context • (1) Context refers to the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer. • (2) Context determines the speaker’s use of language and also the hearer’s interpretation of what is said to him or her. • e.g. It is cold here. This utterance might be said by the speaker to ask the hearer to turn on the heater, or leave the place, or to put on more clothes, or to apologize for the poor condition of a certain place.

  10. 6.2 Speech Act Theory • John Austin • What do we do when using language? • Either to state or to describe • Constatives (叙事句) vs. performatives （施为句）

  11. There are two types of sentences: • Constatives (叙事句) vs. performatives（施为句） Constatives: statements that either state or describe and can be verified;eg: • I go to the park every Sunday. • I teach English.

  12. Performatives: sentences that did not state a fact or describe sth. ; sentences uttered with the purpose of doing something. The speaker is actually doing sth. They cannot be said to be true or false.

  13. I do. • I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. • I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. • I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. • I promise to finish it in time. • I apologize. • I declare the meeting open. • I warn you that the bull will charge.

  14. 3. Illocutionary Act Theory(行事行为理论) Later on, Austin gave up his initial distinction between constatives and performatives and set up another model. According to his new model, a speaker my be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking : locutionary act (发话言行/言内行为), illocutionary act （示意言行/言外行为）, and perlocutionary act （取效言行/言后行为）.

  15.  A locutionary act: the act of uttering and conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology . That is when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. •  An illocutionary act: the act of expressing the speaker’s intention •  A perlocutionary act: the act performed by or resulting from saying something . It is the effects of the utterance on the hearer.

  16. You have left the window open. • (1) the locutionary act: uttering all the words to express the literal meaning; • (2) the illocutionary act: to ask someone to close the window, to make a complaint; • (3) the perlocutionary act: the effect of the utterance, i.e., the hearer will close the window

  17. Searle’s classification of speech acts • (1) American philosopher John Searle classifies speech acts into five categories. Specific acts that fall into each category share the same illocutionary point, but differ in strength. • (2) 5 categories: representatives, directives, commissives, expressives and declarations. 

  18. Searle’s classification of speech acts (1969) • Assertives/representatives(陈述) • Directives(指令) • Commissives(承诺) • Expressives(表达) • Declarations(宣布)

  19. Assertives/representatives ---- Stating or describing, saying what the speaker believes to be true, e.g. • I think the film is moving. • I’m certain I have never seen the man before. • I solemnly swear that he had got it. …

  20. Directives ---- Trying to get the hearer to do something, e.g. • I order you to leave right now. • Open the window, please. • Your money or your life! …

  21. Commissives ---- Committing the speaker himself to some future course of action, e.g. • I promise to come. • I will bring you the book tomorrow without fail. …

  22. Expressives ----Expressing the speaker’s psychological state about something, e.g. • I’m sorry for being late. • I apologize for the sufferings that the war has caused to your people. …

  23. Declarations ----Bringing about an immediate change in the existing state or affairs, e.g. • I now appoint you chairman of the committee. • You are fired. • I now declare the meeting open. …

  24. Note: (1) All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose but differ in their strength or force, e.g. I guess / am sure / swear he is the murderer. • Note: (2) In order to get someone open the door, we can choose one from a variety of the forms in below: Could you open the door, please! Can you open the door! Do you mind opening the door? Open the door! The door please!

  25. Indirect speech acts • What is indirect language? • Primary speech act : the speaker's goal of communication • secondary speech act: the means by which he achieve his goal • The relation between them is that between means and end.

  26. conventional implicature • non- conventional implicature • Conversational implicature

  27. Principle of conversation (Paul Grice) • Cooperative principle (CP)---- According to Grice, in making conversation, there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. It goes as follows: • Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

  28. The maxim of quality ----Do not say what you believe to be false. ----Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. • The maxim of quantity ----Make your contribution as informative as required for the current purpose of the exchange. ----Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. • The maxim of relation ----Be relevant ( make your contribution relevant). • The maxim of manner ----Avoid obscurity of expression. ----Avoid ambiguity. ----Be brief. ----Be orderly.

  29. Violation of Maxim of quality ----A: Would you like to go movie with me tonight? ----B: The final exam is approaching. I’m afraid I have to prepare for it. ----A: would you like to come to our party tonight? ----B: I’m afraid I’m not feeling so well tonight. ----A: Who was that lady I saw you with last night? ----B: That was no lady, that was my wife.

  30. Violation of maxim of quantity • At a party a young man introduces himself by saying “I’m Robert Sampson from Leeds, 28, unmarried…” • “War is war.” • “Girls are girls.” ----A:When is Susan’s farewell party? ----B:Sometime next month.

  31. Violation of maxim of relation ----A: How did the math exam go today, Jonnie? ----B: We had a basketball match with class 2 and we beat them. ----A: The hostess is an awful bore. ----B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren’t they? ----A: What time is it? ----B: The postman has just arrived.

  32. Violation of maxim of manner ----A: Shall we get something for the kids? ----B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.

  33. the Cooperative Principle: Observing Flouting conversational implicatures: Discussion

  34. Cross-cultural pragmatic failure • What does it refer to? • Reason? • Intra-cultural communication cross-cultural communication ★ ★ ★ • Pragmalinguistic failure sociopragmatic failure

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