genetics

2. genetics the study of the inheritance of traits

3. inheritance the passing of traits from parents to offspring

4. Gametes • male gamete: sperm • female gamete: egg

5. Gametes sperm egg

6. haploid a cell that has one of each kind of chromosome that is normally found in the organism

7. Short plants Tall plants Terminal flowers Axial flowers Constricted pods Inflated pods Green pods Yellow pods Green peas Yellow peas Round peas Wrinkled peas

8. Mendel’s Experiments • tall plants and short plants • axial flowers and terminal flowers • inflated pods and constricted pods • yellow pods and green pods

9. Mendel’s Experiments • yellow peas and green peas • round peas and wrinkled peas • green seed coats and white seed coats

10. purebred an organism that has had the same traits for many generations

11. 1. Pollen-containing structures are removed from short-plant flowers. 2. Tall-plant pollen is collected using a brush. 3. Tall-plant pollen is placed onto stigmas of short-plant flowers.

12. cross mating purebred plants of opposite traits to test how they inherit traits

13. Mendel’s Experiments tall + short = tall ???

14. Mendel’s Experiments F1—1st Filial Generation

15. Mendel’s Experiments F2 Generation

16. Mendel’s Experiments tall + tall = tall

17. Mendel’s Experiments tall + short = tall

18. hybrid an offspring of two genetically unrelated individuals

19. Mendel’s Experiments • Each offspring had two factors for each trait, one from each parent.

20. Mendel’s Experiments • Each factor in the set of two factors for a trait was either dominant or recessive.

21. Mendel’s Experiments F2 Generation

22. x

23. x TT tt Tt (F1)

24. x Tt Tt TT Tt Tt tt

25. Terms • phenotype • genotype — tall — TT, Tt

26. What Do You Think? What was the phenotype of the peas in Mendel’s F1 generation? tall

27. What Do You Think? List the genotypes of the peas in the F1 generation. Tt

28. What Do You Think? What phenotypes did Mendel see in the F2 generation? tall and short

29. What Do You Think? What genotypes did Mendel find in the F2 generation? TT, Tt, tt

30. chromosome number the number of chromosomes in the nucleus

31. Punnett square a diagram used to visualize genetic crosses

32. parent characteristic parent characteristic

33. parent characteristic parent characteristic offspring offspring offspring offspring

34. Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x tt T t t Purebred Short Parent t

35. Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x Tt T t T Hybrid TallParent t

36. Purebred Short Parent tt x tt t t t Purebred Short Parent t

37. Purebred Tall Parent TT x tt T T t Tt Tt Purebred Short Parent t Tt Tt

38. Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x Tt T t T Tt TT Hybrid TallParent t tt Tt

39. TT tt25% TT25% Tt Tt Tt25% Tt25% tt

40. incomplete dominance a type of inheritance in which the genes expressing a particular characteristic are neither dominant nor recessive; both genes influence the characteristic of an organism

41. Hybrid CwCr x CwCr Cw Cr Cw CwCw CwCr Hybrid Cr CrCr CwCr

42. codominance a type of inheritance pattern where two traits are equally expressed

43. HBHB x HWHW Chestnut HB HB HW HBHW HBHW White HBHW HW HBHW

44. multiple gene inheritance two or more gene pairs are responsible for producing a single trait

45. X chromosome the female sex chromosome

46. Y chromosome the male sex chromosome

47. XXx XY X X X XX XX Y XY XY

48. sex-linked trait a characteristic that has a gene on the X-chromosome but no gene on the Y-chromosome

49. XgYx XGXG Xg Y XG XG

50. carrier an individual who possesses a gene for a specific trait but does not exhibit that trait