Chapter 2 The Human Body: Reading the Map

1. Chapter 2 The Human Body: Reading the Map

2. Multimedia Directory Slide 16 Fowler's Positioning Video Slide 17 Lateral Positioning Video Slide 18 Prone Positioning Video Slide 19 Lithotomy Positioning Video Slide 20 Sims Positioning Video Slide 21 Supine Positioning Video Slide 22 Dorsal Positioning Video Slide 47 Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Slide 48 Body Area Terminology Exercise Slide 73 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video Slide 75 Ultrasound Video Slide 76 Radiologic Technology Video

3. Multimedia Directory (cont’d) Slide 77 Surgical Team Video

4. Introduction This chapter provides you with the major external map of the human body Future chapters get into more depth for each particular area and begin to provide a detailed map of interior regions

5. Introduction (cont’d) Medical directional terms and body locations will serve as a foundation upon which to build By the time you finish your journey through this book you will know your own body like “the back of your hand”

6. Learning Objectives List and describe the various body positions Define the body planes and associated directional terms Locate and describe the body cavities and their respective organs List and describe the anatomical divisions of the abdominal region Identify and locate the various body regions Relate the various diagnostic tests to view the body Describe situations in which body position can help or hinder the disease process

7. Pronunciation Guide Abdominopelvic cavity Antecubital Buccal Caudal Cephalic Coronal Plane Cranial Crural Distal Dorsal Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. (ab dom ih noh PELL vik KAV ih tee) (an tee CUE bi tal) (BUCK al) (KAWD al) (seh FAL ik) (kor ROHN al) (KRAY nee al) (CRUR al) (DISS tal) (DOR sal)

8. Pronunciation Guide (cont’d) Gluteal Mediastinum Midsagittal Plane Pleural Cavities Superficial Thoracic Cavity Transverse Click on the megaphone icon before each item to hear the pronunciation. (GLOO tee al) (me dee ah STY num) (mid SAJ ih tal) (PLOO ral) (SOO per FISH al) (tho RASS ik KAV ih tee) (trans VERS)

9. Map of the Human Body Directional terms, like north, south, east, or west, needed for reading a map Maps representing a specific region have more detail, making it easier to explore Likewise, the human body needs its own specific directional terms

10. Map of the Human Body (cont’d) Likewise, scientists have created standardized body directional terms, splitting the body into distinct regions, sections, and cavities to more clearly and rapidly locate and discuss anatomical features Anatomical landmarks serve as needed points of reference

11. Importance of Mapping Does the statement “I have pain in my stomach” tell you a lot about exact location? Location of pain can be determining factor in diagnosis Questions about type of pain, exact location, and intensity of pain can help determine etiology

12. Body Positions The body can assume many positions and therefore can have different orientations To standardize orientation for the study of anatomy, scientists developed the anatomical position In the anatomical position, the person is standing erect, face forward, with feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms facing forward

13. Figure 2-1The anatomical position.

14. Other Important Body Positions Supine position: laying face upward, on your back Prone position: laying face downward, on your stomach Fowler’s position: sitting in bed with head of bed elevated 45–60 degrees This position often used in hospitals Facilitates breathing and comfort of bedridden patient

15. Figure 2-2Common patient positions.

16. Fowler's Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of Fowler’s positioning. Back to Directory

17. Lateral Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of lateral positioning. Back to Directory

18. Prone Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of prone positioning. Back to Directory

19. Lithotomy Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of lithotomy positioning. Back to Directory

20. Sims Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of Sims Positioning. Back to Directory

21. Supine Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of supine positioning. Back to Directory

22. Dorsal Positioning Video Click here to view a video on the topic of dorsal positioning. Back to Directory

23. Pathology Connection Body positions relevant to certain clinical scenarios Patients with secretions at the base of the lungs may benefit from Trendelenburg position (which helps drain secretions) Patients with cerebral injury or bleeding should avoid Trendelenburg position (because it increases blood flow to brain, increasing intracranial pressure)

24. Pathology Connection (cont’d) Patients to be placed in Trendelenburg position are at increased risk for aspirating vomitus, and should not eat within 2-4 hours of being placed in position Patients with orthopnea have difficult time breathing if they lie flat; propping them up with pillows assists diaphragm in working against gravity

25. Pathology Connection (cont’d) Changing from upright to supine position can help determine cause of distended neck veins (jugular venous distention) If patient has distend neck veins due to heart failure, lying down will decrease distention (heart has to work less hard against gravity, causing less “back up” of venous blood)

26. Pathology Connection (cont’d) Dizziness when changing from seated to standing position can indicate orthostatic hypotension Symptoms develop because heart cannot compensate for extra work against gravity standing requires; result is deficient blood flow to brain

27. Body Planes and Directional Terms Sometimes it is necessary to divide body, or even organ or tissue sample, into specific sections to further examine it A plane is an imaginary line drawn through body or organ to separate into specific sections Transverse or horizontal plane: divides body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections, also referred to as cross-sectioning the body

28. Directional Terms Used to describe areas divided by transverse plane Superior (cranial or cephalic) means toward head or upper body Inferior (caudal) means away from head or toward lower part of body Any body part can be either superior or inferior, depending upon point of reference Example: knee is superior to ankle and inferior to pelvis

29. Figure 2-3Transverse plane and a cross-sectional view of the upper abdominal region.

30. Median or Midsagittal Plane Divides body into right and left halves Medial refers to body parts located near middle or midline of body Lateral refers to body parts located away from midline

31. Figure 2-4Midsagittal or median plane along with a sagittal view of the head.

32. Frontal or Coronal Plane Divides body into front and back sections Anterior or ventral refers to body parts towards or on front of body Posterior or dorsal refers to body parts towards or on back of body

33. Figure 2-5Frontal or coronal plane along with a coronal view of the chest and stomach.

34. Proximal and Distal Proximal refers to body parts close to point of reference of body Distal refers to body parts away from point of reference Using your fingers as reference point, your wrist would be proximal and your shoulder would be distal

35. Figure 2-6Body location terms.

36. External and Internal External means on the outside Skin is located externally and is body’s largest organ Internal means on the inside Most organs located internally

37. Additional Directional Terms Superficial means toward or at body surface Deep means away from body surface Central refers to locations around center of body Peripheral refers to extremities or outer region

38. Table 2-1 Directional Terms

39. Body Cavities Body has two large open spaces called cavities that house and protect organs Dorsal (posterior) cavity located on back of body

40. Body Cavities (cont’d) Larger ventral (anterior) cavity located on front of body is divided into two smaller cavities Thoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavity: further divided into abdominal and pelvic cavities These two smaller cavities are divided by diaphragm

41. Thoracic Cavity Contains Heart Lungs Large blood vessels

42. Abdominal Cavity Contains digestive organs Stomach Intestines Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen

43. Pelvic Cavity Lower portion of abdominopelvic cavity contains Urinary organs Reproductive organs Large part of large intestine

44. Dorsal Cavity Located in back of body and consists of two cavities Cranial cavity houses brain Spinal cavity contains spinal column

45. Figure 2-8 Main body cavities.

46. Smaller Cavities There are many smaller cavities that designate specific areas Nasal cavity: space behind nose Buccal cavity: space within mouth Orbital cavity: houses eyes

47. Body Cavity Terminology Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body cavity terminology. Back to Directory

48. Body Area Terminology Exercise Click here to view an interactive exercise on body area terminology. Back to Directory

49. Abdominal Regions Houses a number of organs; is divided into nine quadrants Epigastric region (epi = above, gastric = stomach) located superior to umbilical region with right and left hypochondriac regions located on either side

50. Abdominal Regions (cont’d) Umbilical region located in center, with right and left lumbar regions located laterally Hypogastric region lies inferior to umbilical area, with right and left iliac or inguinal area flanking it