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A Few Things about Chapter 24

A Few Things about Chapter 24 . Lutheranism and Calvinism. Offered princes in the HRE & elsewhere the opportunity to expand their power bases. Luther left Calvin right. Catholic Reformation spearheaded by Jesuits. Loyola converts people in India, Japan, and the Philippines. Religious Wars.

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A Few Things about Chapter 24

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  1. A Few Things about Chapter 24

  2. Lutheranism and Calvinism • Offered princes in the HRE & elsewhere the opportunity to expand their power bases.

  3. Luther left Calvin right

  4. Catholic Reformation spearheaded by Jesuits • Loyola converts people in India, Japan, and the Philippines

  5. Religious Wars • France 1562 - 1598 • Spanish Armada 1588 attempt to force England to return to Catholicism • Dutch subjects resist Phillip II’s army. Northern provinces become Netherlands. Southern ones become Belgium. • 30 Years War 1618-1648 attempt by HRE to force Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church - Spain, France, Sweden, and Denmark among the combatants.

  6. Consolidation of states • Europe is unique in that it was not ruled by an empire, but by independent, well armed, and highly competitive states. This is unlike China or the Ottoman Empire • Wallerstein’s World System Theory

  7. Centralizing monarchs use religious issues to enhance authority • Spain requires Catholicism and expels Jews and Muslims • Spanish Inquisition 1478 purpose to ferret out Jews & Muslims. Charles V used to find Protestants

  8. Centralizing monarchs also use their tax and military power to weaken the nobility • Siphon off the wealth of the Church to expand their power.

  9. Constitutional States share authority with representative institutions • In England & the Netherlands we get: • Limited government, habeas corpus, right to jury trial • Openness, toleration • Merchants prosper

  10. First England goes through some trauma • Anglican kings want new taxes w/o consent of Parliament. • Many dissidents in Parliament were Calvinists (called Puritans in England). • Both Parliament and the King raise armies. Parliament wins and in 1649 Charles is beheaded. This leads to a bloodless change in power known as the Glorious Revolution 1688.

  11. Charles I beheaded

  12. England & the Netherlands • Mobilize popular support to increase state power • Merchants especially prominent in both • Both favor maritime trade & establish overseas empires • Citizens in both states pursue their economic interests with little government interference (laissez faire)

  13. Absolutism - Divine right of kings • In France Cardinal Richelieu is the architect. • Louis XIII (r1624-1642) undermines power of nobility, builds large bureaucracy and attacks French Calvinists (called Huguenots) who often allied with nobles

  14. Louis XIV 1643 - 1715 • Builds Versailles • Largest standing army in Europe • Fights wars to enlarge France

  15. Russian Tsar Peter the Great 1682 - 1725 • Uses western model • Overhauls government bureaucracy to facilitate tax collection. • Builds navy (and Petersburg) • Cuts beards of nobles to westernize • Followed by Catherine the Great

  16. Map

  17. European State System • Interstate competition leads to conflict with no imperial power able to restore order. • Peace of Westphalia which ends 30 Years War tries for a balance of power where no one state can get too strong

  18. Main wars involve French attempts at expansion • In Europe War of Spanish Succession 1701-1714 and 7 Years War 1756 - 1763 a number of nations including Britain, and the United Provinces stop France. • In the New World and India France loses to the British who eventually become hegemonic

  19. The Battle of Denain 1712. Oil by Jean Alaux • France throws money and lives away

  20. Capitalism • Columbian Exchange helps diet (potato, corn). • Leads to population growth and urbanization • Capitalism defined - a system based on private property, sanctity of contract, wage labor and voluntary exchange, reinvestment of profits. Capitalists always seek to cheapen labor • Supply and demand • Market as allocator

  21. New Forms of Business • Banks, Joint Stock Companies develop in context of imperialism

  22. Protoindustrialization • Guilds discouraged competition & restricted innovation - profit was not their goal • Countryside production therefore sidesteps guilds with putting out system

  23. Capitalism also involved unsettling changes

  24. Russia • To keep loyalty of powerful nobles Tsar allows serfs to by mistreated. This guarantees a labor force for nobles estates. • After 1400 Feudalism ends in Western Europe, but become more harsh in Eastern Europe and survives in Russia until after 1850.

  25. Free labor-Semi Free Labor - Slaves • All three needed for World System.

  26. Adam Smith Wealth of Nations 1776 • Society prospers when individuals pursue their own interests. • World wide division of labor

  27. Science • Direct observation, data • Many scientific advances aided state power in areas like mining, weaponry, ship building • That’s why England, France and later Germany had government sponsored science societies

  28. Enlightenment • Locke - social contract • Montesquieu - Division of power • Voltaire

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