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Unraveling Emotions: The Feeling Machine in Psychology

Explore the complexity of emotions, from multidimensional scaling to classic theories like the James-Lange theory. Dive into the emotional brain, cultural influences, and regulation strategies. Delve into emotional communication and the power of expressions in conveying inner states. Understand motivation and the hedonic principle driving human behavior. Engage with facial feedback hypotheses, display rules, and the universality of emotional expressions.

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Unraveling Emotions: The Feeling Machine in Psychology

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  1. Chapter 9 Emotion And Motivation Schacter Gilbert Wegner PSYCHOLOGY • Slides prepared by: • Melissa S. Terlecki, Cabrini College

  2. 9.1 Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner

  3. What is Emotion? • Emotion: a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. • multidimensional scaling: valence and arousal.

  4. Questions • What is multidimensional scaling?

  5. Figure 9.1: Two Dimensions of Emotion (p. 271)

  6. The Emotional Body • James-Lange theory: stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. • Cannon-Bard theory: a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain. • Two-factor theory (Schacter-Singer): emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal.

  7. Figure 9.2: Classic Theories of Emotion (p. 273)

  8. Figure 9.3: Different Physiological Patterns of Emotion (p. 274)

  9. Questions • How did the two-factor theory of emotion expand on earlier theories? • Why is it difficult to identify the origin of an emotional experience?

  10. The Emotional Brain • Appraisal: an evaluation of the emotionally-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala. • Snap decisions by the amygdala. • Fast pathway: from the thalamus directly to the amygdala. • Slow pathway: from the thalamus to the cortex then to the amygdala. • excitation or inhibition.

  11. .. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (p. 274)

  12. Figure 9.4: Emotion Recognition and the Amygdala (p. 275)

  13. Figure 9.5: The Fast and Slow Pathways of Fear (p. 275)

  14. Culture and Community: Do We Really Fear People… • Using fMRI, psychologists measured the amygdala response of American and Japanese youth while viewing angry, fearful, happy, and neutral faces of people from both cultures. • Greater response in the amygdala from fearful faces of the other culture.

  15. Questions • Why is emotion considered a primitive system?

  16. The Regulation of Emotion • Emotion regulation: the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience. • Reappraisal: a strategy that involves changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus.

  17. Questions • How does reappraisal of an event change emotional experience?

  18. 9.2 Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner

  19. Emotional Expression • Emotional expression: any observable sign of an emotional state.

  20. How are we “walking, talking advertisements” of our inner states?

  21. Animal Expressions and Darwin (p. 279)

  22. Universality hypothesis: emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

  23. South Fore Tribesman

  24. Questions • Which facial expressions are considered universal?

  25. anger • disgust • fear • happiness • sadness • surprise.

  26. Why do so many people seem to express so many emotions in the same ways?

  27. Because words are symbols and facial expressions are signs • For example: think of the word ‘cat’

  28. Facial expressions are not arbitrary symbols of emotion. They are signs of emotion, and signs are caused by the things they signify. • Think about when you are happy…

  29. The Cause and Effect of Expression • Facial feedback hypothesis: emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify.

  30. Figure 9.6: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis (p. 280)

  31. Why are people so good at recognizing other’s expressions?

  32. Display rules: norms for the control of emotional expression. • intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing.

  33. Figure 9.7: Genuine and Fake Smiles (p. 282)

  34. How to tell if emotional expression is sincere: morphology, symmetry, duration, temporal patterning.

  35. Figure 9.8: Lie Detection Machines (p. 283)

  36. Questions • Why are people so good at recognizing other’s expressions? • Why are people such poor lie detectors?

  37. Disgust is a defensive response, stereotyped by culture. Disgust can be irrational. contagion and similarity. The Real World: That’s Gross!

  38. 9.3 Motivation: Getting Moved PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner

  39. Motivation • Motivation: the purpose for or cause of an event.

  40. The words ‘emotion’ and ‘motivation’ share a common linguistic root that means “to move”

  41. 2 Functions of Emotions • 1. Provide us with information about the world.

  42. 2 Functions of Emotions • 1. Provide us with information about the world. • 2. emotions are the objectives toward which we strive.

  43. Remember, people strongly prefer to experience positive rather than negative emotions.

  44. Hedonic principle: the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

  45. The answer to what pushes us towards or away from things is found in our instincts and drives.

  46. Instincts: the inherited tendency to seek out a particular goal. • Drive: an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality.

  47. Which Shows the Hedonic Principle, Instinct, and Drive? (p. 285)

  48. The concept of instinct reminds us that nature endows organisms with a tendency to seek certain things… • and the concept of drive reminds us that this seeking is initiated by an internal state.

  49. Figure 9.9: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (p. 286)

  50. Questions • Which chemical switches hunger on and which switches it off?

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