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Feed Additives for Swine

Feed Additives for Swine. Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University Robert.thaler@sdstate.edu. Feed Additives. Compounds that MAY elicit a response independent of the pig’s energy, amino acid, and vitamin/mineral requirements

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Feed Additives for Swine

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  1. Feed Additives for Swine Dr. Bob Thaler South Dakota State University Robert.thaler@sdstate.edu

  2. Feed Additives • Compounds that MAYelicit a response independent of the pig’s energy, amino acid, and vitamin/mineral requirements • Response is dependent on age of pig, disease level, genetics, environmental factors, & type of diet/feedstuffs

  3. Antibacterials & Antibiotics Chemotherapeutics Organic acids Probiotics & Prebiotics Enzymes Botanicals Carcass modifiers Flavors Aromas Mold inhibitors Mycotoxin binders Odor reducers General Categories

  4. Antibiotic Efficacy in Nursery & Grow-Finish Pigs (% improvement)

  5. Sows & Antibiotics • General thought is not to add antibiotics to sow diets if conception rate is > 85% • However, if conception rate is < 85%, may be beneficial depending on the problem • Must be at the therapeutic level • 2 weeks before breeding • One week prior to farrowing to weaning

  6. Commonly Used Feed Additives USDA:APHIS, 2000

  7. Commonly Used Feed Additives(Company Feeding >25% of US Pigs)

  8. Lincomycin • Reducing the severity of swine mycoplasmal pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae • Controlling ileitis, also known as Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy • Treating and controlling swine dysentery

  9. Lincomycin • Increasing the rate of weight gain in growing-finishing swine • FDA approved for ileitis control and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae • LINCOMIX at 40 g/t for ileitis control costs $5 to $7 less per ton than the approved Tylan* dose of 100 g/t

  10. Tylosin (Tylan) • Classic antibiotic used for growth promotion • Relatively inexpensive • No withdrawal. Tylan can be fed to market weight • Only Tylan® Premix, fed at 100 g/ton, is approved to prevent and control ileitis. No other product can legally make this claim

  11. Tylosin (Tylan) • Convenient. One product for ileitis prevention and growth promotion • Tylan is primarily active against gram-positive bacteria and has significant activity against mycoplasma • Feeding it during grow-finish phase increased longissimus muscle area

  12. Carbadox (Mecadox) • Typically fed in the Pre-weaning, Nursery, and early Grower diets • For the treatment of clinical outbreaks of swine dysentery (vibrioic dysentery, "bloody" scours of haemorrhagic dysentery) • For the prevention and control of swine dysentery

  13. Carbadox (Mecadox) • For increase in rate of mass gain and improvement of feed efficiency 10 week withdrawal prior to slaughter • Do not use in feeds containing bentonite • Usually too expensive to use strictly for growth promotion

  14. Chemotherapeutic Agents • Naturally occurring or chemically synthesized compounds that inhibit the growth of microorganisms • Copper Sulfate • 100 to 250 ppm in nursery diets • Additive effect with antibiotics • Zinc oxide • 1500 to 3000 ppm • Controls some post-weaning scours • Higher levels can be toxic (know base levels) • High levels in the manure – environmental problems • Already being regulated in some European countries

  15. Probiotics • Living bacteria or yeast cultures to enhance microbial balance • Lactobacillus species, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus faecium,Saccharomyces cerevisiae or various mixtures • Traditionally use in nursery diets • Beginning to be used in grow-finish diets • Strain of microbe, dose, interactions, feedstuffs, feed processing

  16. Enzymes • Increase nutrient utilization • Not much benefit with corn-SBM diets • More of a benefit with wheat & barley-based diets • Beta glucanase and xylanase are the most commonly used ones • Others include alpha amylase, cellulase, protease, and various combinations • Great variation in efficacy

  17. Phytase • Most commonly used enzyme in the world • Increases utilization of phytate P in grains • Decrease P excretion • Less P running off into lakes and rivers • Less euthrophication • Decrease amount of inorganic P • Currently slight economic savings in diet cost • Tremendous environmental benefit

  18. Others • Mold Inhibitors • effective against molds, not mycotoxins • Antioxidants – increase shelf-life & are effective • Mycotoxin Binders • Are present even if mold is gone • Products effective against aflatoxins (clays, HSCAS, pellet binders) • Few, if any, products effective on other mycotoxins

  19. Others cont. • Odor Reducing Additives • Many products, few effective (DeOdorase, Microaid) • Heavily dependent on condition of individual systems • Manure composition, pH, temperature, antibacterials, water, etc

  20. Carcass Modifiers • Ractopamine (Paylean) • Chromium tripicolinate • Betaine • L-carnitine • Zilpaterol

  21. Ractopamine (PayLean) • Beta agonist that “repartitions” where nutrients go (from fat to lean deposition) • Improves: • Growth rate • Feed conversion • Lean deposition

  22. Ractopamine (PayLean) • Approved at the 9 g/ton level the last 90 pounds prior to slaughter • 5 g/ton improves gain (10%) & efficiency (17%) • Maybe carcass • 9.9 g/ton improves gain & efficiency, carcass weight & dressing %

  23. Ractopamine (PayLean) • 19.8 g/ton seldom used • cost of product • Increased death-loss potential • Greatest response first 2 weeks, then decreases over the last 2 weeks • Need at least a 16% protein diet and .90% lysine diet (watch all amino acid levels)

  24. PayLeanUse In Commercial Operations • Used to decrease total number of marketing days for a group/barn #1 Market first group of heaviest pigs #2 Feed the 5 g/ton level for 2 weeks #3 Feed the 9.9 g/ton level for the last 2 weeks or until all the pigs are marketed

  25. Handling/Stress Is An Issue! Elanco has developed a program on proper handling of swine from farm through harvest

  26. Carcass Modifiers • Organic Chromium (tripicolinate) • Increase leanness 6%, but not consistent • 200 ppb Cr improved sow fertility, # born & weaned • Must be fed at least 6 months to get sow response • Betaine (sugar beet industry) • Enhance leanness and feed efficiency (?????) • Works with met/cys deficiency or lysine excess • Carnitine • Initially thought to improve leanness & efficiency • Some response in nursery pigs • 50 ppm in gestation increased litter size & birth weight

  27. Example • Current diet cost = $120/ton • Feed additive costs $15 to add to a ton of feed ($135 - $120) * 100 = 12.5% improvement in F/G $120 just to pay for itself If getting a 10% improvement in feed efficiency, still losing money!!!

  28. Doesn’t take into Consideration Changes in: • Gain • Carcass characteristics • Deathloss

  29. Summary • Feed additives can be effective tools when used properly • Do the “Homework” for YOUR operation Match disease problem with feed additive • Feed additives are not a replacement for poor management • Ractopamine is economically advantageous when used strategically

  30. Summary • Make sure you get a real “Net” economic benefit that’s consistent • Use your feed $ where you’ll get the best, most consistent return on your investment.

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