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Education in the United States: It’s Historical Roots

Discover the unique evolution of education in the United States through its historical roots, starting from the Colonial Period to the establishment of public education supported by states. Explore key events like the Common School Movement that aimed to make education accessible to all, shaping the modern education system in America.

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Education in the United States: It’s Historical Roots

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  1. Education in the United States: It’s Historical Roots Do you feel that education in our country is unique?

  2. Our Education = Unique • Organize schools • Content we teach • Teaching methods • All differ from those in other countries

  3. The Colonial Period (1607-1775) • American education – Jamestown colony • Religion – integral part of colony • Schools were formed to convert people to their religion • Schools – reflected settlers’ values & beliefs • Schools – wealthy white males

  4. The Colonial Period (1607-1775) • 3 colonies • Southern • Private tutors • Middle • Different religious groups form schools • New England • Schools – heavily based on religion • Most influence on today’s controversy in schools • All schools – memorization & recitation

  5. The Colonial Period (1607-1775) • Most classrooms – unpleasant • Teachers – mostly males • Massachusetts Act of 1647 (Old Deluder Satan Act) – designed to produce citizens who understood the Bible. Every town of 50+ to hire a teacher of reading & writing • Birth to the idea that public education could contribute to the greater good of our country. • Public support of education

  6. The Colonial Period (1607-1775) • European Influence – more humane, child-centered & practical views • Legacy • Source of inequality • Foundation for public support & local control of school (after Act) • Relationship between religion & education

  7. The Early National Period (1775-1820) • Answers our questions on the differences of education from state to state. • Before 1775- U.S. looked to Europe for trade & ideas • National Period – colonies became the USA, Constitution & the Bill of Rights

  8. The U.S. Constitution • 27 Amendments • 1st 10 – Bill of Rights • 1st Amendment – “establishment clause” prohibited government from passing legislation to establish any one official religion over another • Separation of Church and state

  9. Separation of Church and State • Discussion

  10. The U.S. Constitution • 10th Amendment • Areas that are not explicitly assigned to the federal government would be the responsibility of each state. • Removed federal government from a central role in running & operating schools • Gave responsibility to individual states

  11. The U.S. Constitution • To support states’ efforts, Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785. • At that time, Congress had no power to tax Americans • This raised money by selling land in territories west of the original colonies with income from one section reserved for support of public education • Sometimes the lines are blurry between state & federal

  12. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Still largely reserved for the wealthy • Public Schools • Federal, state & local taxes • Salaries • Buses • Schools • Student lunches • Grade level • Content • Licensed

  13. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Making Education Available to All • Private & “quasi” public education • Public – often charged partial tuition • States – didn’t coordinate their efforts – education = uneven • Common School Movement – historic attempt to make edu. Available to all

  14. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Important Events • States & local government directly taxed citizens • States created state education departments & appointed state superintendents of instruction • Educators organized schools by grade level & standardized the curriculum • States improved teacher preparation

  15. Expansion of the Common School Movement • Parents began viewing education as a way of improving their children’s lives • National & local leaders saw education as the vehicle for assimilating immigrants & improving national productivity • Industry & commerce were growing & required an increasing educated populace

  16. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • By 1865, 50% of American children were in school • Elementary school = slowly free • Free secondary schools did not happen until later

  17. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Teachers – obstacles & challenges • Workload – heavy • Content – fundamentals – reading & math • Poor working conditions (building) • Lack of training (most elementary education only)

  18. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Improving Education • Normal Schools – schools to prepare elementary school teachers (2 yr) • 1st attempt to improve • Targeted – women • Content background & training beyond high school

  19. The Common School Movement: The Rise of State Support for Public Education (1820-1865) • Elementary School • Grade levels

  20. Evolution of the American High School • Comprehensive High School – secondary high school that attempts to meet the needs of all students (different curricular options, interest, ability level) • Before the turn of the 20th century – fewer than 10% = higher school education • Currently, 96% of teens attend high school

  21. Evolution of the American High School • Benjamin Franklin • Academy – secondary school focused on the practical needs of colonial America • Shifted emphasis to practical curriculum (practical) • Removed religion from curriculum (secular) • Partially supported by public funds (public) • English Classical Schools – free secondary schools (boys not going to college)

  22. Evolution of the American High School • Junior high school – popular until 1970s • Middle schools • Stronger teacher-student relationships = teams • Share information

  23. Teaching & Technology • Projectors & filmstrips • Overhead projectors • Programmed & computer based instruction • Educational television • Hand-held calculators

  24. The war on poverty & the great society • War on poverty – federal programs designed to eradiate poverty during the 60s • Education – increased federal funding • Support for learners with exceptionalities • The development of the jobs corps

  25. The war on poverty & the great society • Head Start • Designed to help 3-5 year old disadvantage children enter school ready to learn • 1965 • Stimulate (encourage) academic achievement & development of low-income • Educate & involve parents in the education of their children

  26. Equality • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited discrimination against students (color, race or national origin) in all institutions receiving federal funds • Title IX – gender equality • Magnet schools – public schools that provide innovative or specialized programs and accept enrollment from students in all parts of a district • developed to integrate white & minority students

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