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Atmosphere

Atmosphere. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen. Water Vapor. up to 4% by volume leaves atmosphere as dew, rain or snow. Density of Air. Warm air is less dense than cold air Humid air is less dense than dry air. Air Movement. Air near sealevel is packed by pressure As air rises - expands and cools

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Atmosphere

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  1. Atmosphere • 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen

  2. Water Vapor • up to 4% by volume • leaves atmosphere as dew, rain or snow

  3. Density of Air • Warm air is less dense than cold air • Humid air is less dense than dry air

  4. Air Movement • Air near sealevel is packed by pressure • As air rises - expands and cools • As air descends- compresses and warms

  5. Fig. 7-2a, p. 149

  6. Figure 6.6

  7. Precipitation • Warm air can hold more water vapor than cool air • As air rises, it cools and water vapor may condense into clouds and eventually precipitation

  8. Atmospheric Circulation • Wind = mass movement of air • wind patterns caused by variations in solar heating and earth’s rotation

  9. Figure 6.2 albedo = % reflected back Ice has a high albedo

  10. Figure 6.1

  11. Uneven Solar Heating & Atmospheric Circulation • Air is warmed in the tropics and rises • Air is cooled near the poles and falls

  12. Figure 6.7

  13. Figure 6.8 Fictional, non-spinning earth with sun rotating around the earth

  14. Influence of the rotation of the earth…

  15. Fig. 7-9, p. 152

  16. Figure 6.9

  17. Figure 6.10a

  18. Figure 6.10b

  19. Coriolis Effect • The eastward rotation of the earth deflects any moving object away from its initial course • the deflection is clockwise in the Northern hemisphere • the deflection is counterclockwise in the Southern hemisphere

  20. p. 153

  21. Figure 6.11

  22. Wind Patterns • At bands between cells air is moving vertically • winds are weak and erratic • doldrums or intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) at equator 0o • ascending air (rising) • Subtropical high pressure belt at 30o • descending air (falling), very dry

  23. Wind Patterns • Within cells air moves horizontally from high to low pressure areas • produces strong dependable winds • Trade winds (between 0 and 30o) • Westerlies (between 30 and 60o) • polar easterlies (between 60 and 90o)

  24. Table 6.2

  25. Actual Atmospheric Circulation • 6 cell model is a representation of average flow • local details of circulation vary due to different surface conditions

  26. Fig. 7-13, p. 156

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