What have we learned so far this year?

1. What have we learned so far this year? Genre focus • …Fiction and Nonfiction • The Novel • Prose and Poetry • Drama • Introduction to the Research Process

2. Fiction Types of fiction Short stories 3. Novellas Novels 4. Historical fiction The characters face a problem (conflict) that must be overcome. The made-up series of events that describe how the conflict progresses is called plot. There is a setting that helps set the mood of the story. Mood is the overall feeling that a literary work conveys to the reader.

3. Nonfiction Biographies Autobiographies Memoirs Letters Journals and Diaries Essay’s and Articles Informational texts

4. Fiction Vs. Nonfiction • Fiction • Tells about made-up people & events and can retell historical events from a different point of view. • Told from the point of view of a fictional character. • Nonfiction • Deals exclusively with real people, events, or ideas. • Almost always told from the point of view of the writer, who is a real person

5. Both fiction and nonfiction have… Have a setting, a time , and place. Convey a mood, or overall feeling. Features the writer’s unique style, a characteristic way of using language and expressing ideas.

6. Point of view • The narrator tells the story from a certain point of view. • First-person point of view is the perspective of a character in the story. • Third-person point of view is the perspective of a narrator outside of the action.

7. Here is a strategy for reading Fiction and Nonfiction Visualize…Picture the characters, setting, or other elements of the text in your mind. Allowing yourself to “see” what you are reading. This will help you to understand it better.

8. Making Predictions • When you predict, you anticipate future events and possible outcomes. • Preview the selection • 2. Formulate a prediction by using what you know about the topic • Verify your predictions as you read and modify (change) them when necessary.

9. Narrative texts • A narrative is a story. • Every narrative shares the elements of character, conflict, plot, and setting. • Fiction-tells am imaginary narrative. • A nonfiction tells a story about real characters and events and must remain true to the facts.

10. Conflict • Conflict is a struggle between opposing forces. • External conflict … occurs when a character struggles against some outside force, such as another character, nature, or society. • Internal Conflict occurs within the mind of a character who struggles with opposing feelings, beliefs, needs, or society.

11. Understanding Plot • Plot describes both events in the story and phases of the story… Beginning Middle End • Exposition-the beginning of the story. It introduces the characters, setting, and the basic situation. • Rising Action- introduces the central idea…the conflict starts to build. • Climax-the point when the conflict reaches its greatest intensity.

12. Understanding Plot cont. • Falling Action-consists of everything that happens after the climax. • Resolution-resolves the conflict and ties up all the plot’s loose ends.

13. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Climax Prince finds Snow White and kisses her Queen poisons Snow White. Snow White Awakens Falling Action Rising Action Queen believes she is the most beautiful woman in the world. Her magic mirror tells her that Snow White is. Events The Prince marries Snow White. Resolution (Ending) Exposition (Beginning) Conflict Evil Queen wants Snow White dead because of Snow White’s beauty.

14. Authors Purpose • To inform • To entertain • To persuade • To reflect

15. Author’s Purpose cont. To communicate tools used to communicate purpose in expository • Facts/details • Technical Language • Sentence structure • Figurative language • Word Choice • Imagery Literature • Characters • Theme • Imagery • Word choice • genre

16. Propagandaa form of persuasion that can be used for good and bad purposes • Types of Propaganda Bandwagon technique—since everyone else is doing it Card Stacking– emphasizing one side and de-emphasizing another Testimonials– quotations, stories, or personal experiences used to make a product or idea sound worthwhile Celebrity endorsements Glittering generalities

17. Setting & Mood • Setting of a literary work is the time and place of the action. • The setting can also be the source of conflict • Mood is the overall feeling that the literary work conveys the reader. • Details of setting help establish the mood

18. Theme • The theme is different from the topic. A topic is the focus, while a theme is its unifying idea. • The message can be a lesson about life or an observation about people. Sometimes the theme is implied.

19. Novel • A novel is a full-length work of fiction (a hundred pages or more). It is usually divided into chapters and includes some of the following literary elements and techniques.

20. Literary ElementsRefer to page 108 • Flashback • Foreshadowing • Plot • Subplots • Character • Protagonist • Antagonist • Characterization…direct and indirect • Point of view…1st Person and 3rd person Omniscient third person • Irony

21. Novel vs. Short story • Short Story • Usually focuses on a protagonist and a few other characters • Usually tells about one important event or episode. • Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict and how it is resolved • Plot builds to a climax—a moment of decision or insight that often reveals the story’s theme. • Novel • Usually presents several minor characters • May develop minor characters • Usually takes place over a longer period of time and weaves together many incidents and subplots • Focuses on the protagonist’s conflict but usually includes several related conflicts • Builds to a climax but usually more complicated in structure • Presents more than one them and may have many subplots to show the theme from different angles

22. Making inferences • Is an educated guess or logical assumption based on available—though sometimes incomplete—information. You must often “read between the lines” and look beyond what the words say to what they imply. • Making inferences can also help you to determine the main idea.

23. Irony Page 174 • Verbal Irony—A writer, speaker, or character says something that is the opposite of what that person really means. • Situational Irony– Something happens that contradicts what the reader, the audience, or a character expects. • Dramatic Irony– The reader or audience knows or understands something that a character does not.

24. Nonfiction • Reflective—Addresses an experience and includes the writer’s insights about the event’s importance (letter) • Persuasive—Tries to convince the reader to adopt a particular point of view(sales brochure, editorial) • Narrative—Tells a story of real-life experience (biography or autobiography) • Expository—Presents facts and ideas, or explains a process (essay, how-to writing)

25. Literary terms—Expository Terms • Cause & effect—look for– because, why, therefore, so, then, since, as a result • Chronological organization– look for– first, then, since, next, once, before, after, later, etc. • Compare & Contrast—look for– Compare: like, same, similarly…Contrast – look for– different, however, instead, but. • Problem & Solution– look for—if/then, therefore, the problem is, the question is

26. Persuasive page 228 • An author uses persuasion to convince the reader to take action. • The writer’s position is his or her opinion or point of view • Rhetorical Question • Facts • Ethical appeal • Opinions • Emotional appeal

27. Poetry and ProseTwo Major Genres of Literature • Prose occurs in two forms: fiction and nonfiction • Poetry describes the use of extremely concise, musical, and emotionally charged language In Prose, sentences are used to express complete thoughts. In Poetry, the equivalent is a line.

28. Poetry Form and structure • Form and structure—lines, stanza, speaker, traditional, free verse, couplets • Sound—Rhythm, Patterns of stressed, Rhyme-sounds at the end, alliteration-repeating consonant sounds at the beginning, assonance-repeating vowel sounds. • Imagery & Fig. Language – Simile, metaphor, personification, etc