Section 2: The Theory of Plate Tectonics

1. Section 2: The Theory of Plate Tectonics Preview Key Ideas How Continents Move Tectonic Plates Types of Plate Boundaries Causes of Plate Motion Plate Tectonics

2. Key Ideas • Summarizethe theory of plate tectonics. • Identifyand describe the three types of plate boundaries. • Listand describe three causes of plate movement.

3. How Continents Move • plate tectonics the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere, called plates, move and change shape. • lithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle. • asthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere; made of mantle rock that flows very slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.

4. How Continents Move, continued • The lithosphere forms the thinouter shell of Earth and isbroken into several blocks, ortectonic plates. • The tectonic plates ride onthe asthenosphere in much the same way that blocks of wood float on water. • Tectonic plates can include continental crust, oceanic crust, or both. • Continents and oceans are carried along on the moving tectonic plates in the same way that passengers are carried by a bus.

5. Tectonic Plates • Scientists have identified about 15 major tectonic plates and many smaller plates. • Plates are often bordered by major surface features, such as mountain ranges or deep trenches in the oceans. • Scientists identify plate boundaries primarily by studying data from earthquakes. • The locations of volcanoes can also help identify the locations of plate boundaries.

6. Tectonic Plates, continued The boundaries of tectonic plates do not always match the outlines of continents.

7. Tectonic Plates, continued Reading Check How do scientists identify locations of plate boundaries? Scientists use the locations of earthquakes, volcanoes, trenches, and mid-ocean ridges to outline tectonic plates.

8. Types of Plate Boundaries • Tectonic plate boundaries may be in the middle of the ocean floor, around the edges of continents, or even within continents. • The three types of plate boundaries are divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, and transform boundaries. • Each plate boundary is associated with a characteristic type of geologic activity.

9. Types of Plate Boundaries, continued Divergent Boundaries • divergent boundary the boundary between tectonic plates that are moving away from each other • Magma rises to the surface and cools to form the warm, light rock that sits higher than the surrounding sea floor because it is less dense. • The narrow valley that forms where the plates separate is a rift valley.

10. Types of Plate Boundaries, continued Convergent Boundaries • convergent boundary the boundary between tectonic plates that are colliding • When oceanic lithosphere collides with continental lithosphere, the denser oceanic lithosphere subducts, or sinks under the less dense continental lithosphere. • The region along this plate boundary is called a subduction zone.

11. Types of Plate Boundaries, continued Reading Check Describe the three types of collisions that happen at convergent boundaries. Collisions at convergent boundaries can happen between two oceanic plates, between two continental plates, or between one oceanic plate and one continental plate.

12. Types of Plate Boundaries, continued Convergent Boundaries, continued • When two plates that are made of continental lithosphere collide, the colliding edges crumple and thicken, which cause uplift that forms large mountain ranges. • When two plates that are made of oceanic lithosphere collide, one plate subducts under the other plate, and a deep-ocean trench forms. A chain of volcanic islands, called an island arc, may form.

13. Types of Plate Boundaries, continued Transform Boundaries • transform boundary the boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other horizontally • Plate edges at a transform boundary scrape against each other in a series of sudden spurts of motions that are felt as earthquakes. • Short segments of a mid-ocean ridge are connected by transform boundaries called fracture zones.

14. Causes of Plate Motion • The movement of tectonic plates is part of the mantle convection system. • Convection is the movement of heated material due to differences in density that are caused by differences in temperatures. • The convection process can be modeled by boiling water in a pot on the stove. As the water at the bottom of the pot is heated, the water at the bottom expands and becomes less dense than the cooler water above it. The cooler, denser water sinks, and the warmer water rises to the surface to create a cycle called a convection cell.

15. Causes of Plate Motion, continued Mantle Convection • Scientists think that Earth is also a convecting system. Energy generated by Earth’s core and radioactivity within the mantle heat the mantle material. This heated material rises through the cooler, denser material around it. • As the hot material rises, the cooler, denser material flows away from the hot material and sinks into the mantle to replace the rising material. • As the mantle material moves, the overlying tectonic plates move along with it.

16. Causes of Plate Motion, continued Ridge Push • Newly formed rock at a mid-ocean ridge is warmer and less dense than older rock nearby. • As the newer rock cools and becomes denser, it begins to slide down the slope between the lithosphere and asthenosphere. • The sliding rock exerts a force called a ridge push, which pushes the rest of the plate away from the mid-ocean ridge.

17. Causes of Plate Motion, continued

18. Causes of Plate Motion, continued Reading Check How may density differences in the rock at a mid-ocean ridge help to drive plate motions? When denser lithosphere sinks into the asthenosphere, the asthenosphere must move out of the way. As the asthenosphere moves, it drags or pushes on other parts of the lithosphere, which causes movement.

19. Causes of Plate Motion, continued Slab Pull • Where the lithosphere cools and becomes dense enough, it begins to subduct into the asthenosphere. • As the leading edge of the plate sinks, it pulls the rest of the plate along behind it. The force exerted by the sinking plate is called slab pull. • In general, plates that are subducting move faster than plates that are not subducting. This evidence indicates that the downward pull of the subducting lithosphere is a strong driving force for tectonic plate motion.

20. Causes of Plate Motion, continued

21. Plate Tectonics Click below to watch the Visual Concept.