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The Paris Peace Conference: The Big Four and the Treaty of Versailles

This lesson discusses the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, highlighting the influential role played by the Big Four - Prime Minister Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Clemenceau of France, Premier Orlando of Italy, and President Woodrow Wilson of the U.S. It explores Wilson's vision for a "peace of justice" embodied in his 14 Points, the harsh terms imposed on defeated Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, and the consequences for Russia. The lesson also covers the United States' post-WWI involvement in world affairs, including its return to isolationism and refusal to join the League of Nations.

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The Paris Peace Conference: The Big Four and the Treaty of Versailles

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  1. Chapter 27 Lesson 3 Notes: The Paris Peace Conference – Jan., 1919

  2. THE “BIGFOUR” VICTORIOUS ALLIED POWERS: • Prime Minister Lloyd George representing • Britain • Premier Clemenceau representing • France

  3. Premier Orlando representing Italy (but angrily • leaves early because Italy does not receive the • promised land from defeated • Austria as Italy had been secretly promised by the • Allies at the beginning of the war); • President Woodrow Wilson representing the • U. S. (Orlando’s absence leaves the • “BigThree” to work out the details of the peace • conference with their subsequent peace treaties)

  4. WILSON’S DESIRE FOR A “PEACEOFJUSTICE” IS EMBODIED IN HIS 14POINTS: • no secret treaties • freedom of trade and freedom of the seas • armament reduction for all countries • self-determination: • people have right to rulethemselves • 14thPOINT: to establish an international • organization called the • LeagueofNations, made up of large and small • states, to • negotiate conflict rather than go to • war

  5. DEFEATED GERMANY’S TREATYOFVERSAILLES SIGNED BY THE NEWLY FORMED • WEIMARREPUBLIC OF GERMANY: • “peace of vengeance” forced upon Germany • rather than using President Wilson’s • suggestion for a “peace of justice” or a “peace • without victory” toward defeated Germany • Germany is forced to accept the • “warguilt” clause, having to take full • responsibility for the war and its aftermath

  6. Germany is forced to accept the • “blankcheck” clause; • reparations (amounts of money to be paid for • damages caused) are determined later to be • $30+ billion • Germany must relinquish (turn over) the iron • & coal-rich territories called • Alsace / Lorraine to • France

  7. Germany must relinquish the PolishCorridor • along the Baltic Sea to • Poland; the purpose for this strategy is to not • only give land-lockedPoland access to a port • called • Danzig for trade, but as important, to divide • the German population to prevent its future • German unity • Germany is forbidden to produce any • additional war materials

  8. Germany is forbidden to • station troops in the • Rhineland, a strip of • German land next door to • France • Germany is forced to • relinquish the • Sudetenland(a moun- • tainous region of 3 • million Germans) to • Czechoslovakia, the only • democracy in E. Europe, • and again, the purpose • is to separate the • German population

  9. An Anschluss (union) • is forbidden between Germany and • Austria

  10. EX-ALLIED POWER, RUSSIA, IS PUNISHED MOST SEVERELY: • Because Communismbecomes the most • feared political system, the Allies provide a • buffer zone between Russia and the rest of • Europe by taking Russian lands along the • Baltic Sea so that…

  11. former Allied Power, • Russia, loses more • land than any other • belligerent in WW I: • Finland, Estonia, • Latvia, & Lithuania • become independent • Baltic states • Russia also loses • Poland • Russia, too, loses • more soldiers, its • most valuable • resource, than any • other belligerent as • a result of WWI

  12. UNITED STATES’ INVOLVEMENT IN WORLD AFFAIRS AFTER WW I: • returns to a policy of • isolationism • refuses to join the • LeagueofNations • signs 5separate peace treaties with • each of the defeated • Central Powers

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