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PHOTOGRAPHY

PHOTOGRAPHY. A brief history. Camera Obscura. Latin meaning - Dark Chamber. Ibn Al Haitham thought of the principle before 1038 A dark chamber or room - light passes through a small hole on one wall - an image forms on the opposite wall Thought to be used as entertainment.

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PHOTOGRAPHY

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  1. PHOTOGRAPHY A brief history

  2. Camera Obscura Latin meaning - Dark Chamber • Ibn Al Haitham thought of the principle before 1038 • A dark chamber or room - light passes through a small hole on one wall - an image forms on the opposite wall • Thought to be used as entertainment

  3. The image is inverted – upside down and reversed

  4. Giovanni Pattista Della Porta • In 1558 described the camera at length • Suggested it be used as a drawing tool • Artists used the camera for rendering perspective

  5. Johann Heinrich Schulze • In 1725, while working in his lab, mixes saturated chalk with nitric acid that contained silver • Puts the mixture on his windowsill - The part facing the sun turns a dark violet • Schulze creates the first light sensitive material or EMULSION

  6. Carl Wilhelm Scheele • In 1777, discovers the first FIXER made of ammonia • Giving inventors the ability to make a photograph permanent

  7. Thomas Wedgewood • Around 1800 is credited with the “IDEA” of photography – that is – using the camera obscura, loading it with a plate covered with emulsion, and exposing the plate to light • Wedgewood had the idea, but never made a permanent image

  8. Joseph Nicephore Niepce • Credited as the INVENTOR OF PHOTOGRAPHY! • In 1826, created the first permanent image – The View of the Courtyard • The image took eight hours to make • Called his invention “Heliography” or sun writing • And here it is . . .

  9. Louis Jacques Daguerre • In 1829 formed a partnership with Niepce • They worked together perfecting their process until Niepce died in 1833 • Daguerre released the “Daguerreotype” process to the world • To this day, still considered the most beautiful of all prints

  10. Henry Fox Talbot • In 1835 introduced his “Calotype” process • Discovered the negative/positive process that we use today with film photography • Talbot’s Calotype did not become as widely used as the Daguerreotype because he put a patent on the process, charging people to use it

  11. Henry Fox Talbot’s Calotype, a negative/positive process

  12. Frederick Scott Archer • In 1851, Archer invents the Wet Collodion process • A process that produces a sharp image and is reproducible (it uses the negative/positive process) • A glass plate coated with liquid chemicals and is put in the camera still wet • Travel photographers have to carry all their darkroom equipment with them • If dropped, plate breaks!

  13. Wet Collodion of Yosemite Falls

  14. Tin Type • Small, positive image on a sheet of unbreakable tin • Cheap and easy to make Carte de Vistas • “Visiting Card” – like a business card – but with a portrait or a scene

  15. Stereoscope A novelty item in the 1870’s. By sliding the photo card, composed of two images, a 3D image is created.

  16. George Eastman • In 1880, Eastman invents the Dry Plate Process, ahuge advance for photography • 1888, the “Kodak” camera is released – loaded with 100 exposures on flexible film. Pictures are taken and mailed back to the company. For $25, the company develops the film, makes you prints, and reloads the camera “You press the button, we do the rest”

  17. Photography is now in the hands of the general public

  18. REMEMBER, before the invention of photography, the only way to have a likeness of yourself would be to hire an artist to paint your portrait, large or small, or have a silhouette drawn of your profile

  19. With the invention of the dry plate, photography becomes more commonplace. Cities and most towns have a photo studio where people have their photos taken Most homes have a photo album Still, people wanted to see more! Alexander Gardner, Panoramic of a burned Richmond, VA, 1865

  20. Civil War 1861-1865 Photographed by Matthew Brady and Alexander Gardner Brady thought he could make $ off the war by selling the pictures after – really no one wanted to be reminded of the war, so no one bought the pictures

  21. 1870’sTravel Photography • T.H. O’Sullivan and Alexander Gardner explore the western United States • Most people had never seen what the rest of the country looked like

  22. William Henry Jackson • In 1871, Jackson photographs what is now Yellowstone National Park • His photographs help to preserve this land so that it remains untouched as it is today

  23. Motion Captured

  24. Eadweard Muybridge, 1880’s • Muybridge is the first person to photograph motion • Before these photos, people believed that a horse, when running, always had a hoof on the ground – Not True!

  25. Early 20th Century Photography • In 1902, Alfred Stieglitz, a photographer and art promoter, runs the 291 photo gallery in New York City and publishes “Camera Work” magazine • Promotes photography as an ART FORM, not just a process

  26. Stieglitz took many photographs of his wife, artist Georgia O’Keeffe, along with memorable shots of New York City where they lived and worked

  27. Abstraction, Twin Lakes, CT, 1916 ~ Paul Strand Pepper, 1930 ~ Edward Weston Paul Strand and Edward Weston are noted as exploring new subject matter and concentrating on rendering the subtleties of light

  28. Social Documentation • In the 1880’s, Jacob Riis became the first person to show how photographs could become social documents • His photographs of the condition of life in New York City slums had a great impact on people and caused many housing reforms

  29. Similarly, in 1900, Lewis Hine photographed the abuses of child labor which led to the passing of the first child labor laws in the country

  30. During the 1930’s Great Depression, the federal government hired a group of photographers to record the farm families’ struggle • Dorothea Lange was one of the photographers who captured the feeling of how desperate the times actually were

  31. Migrant woman and children, Nipomo, California Dorothea Lange, 1936.

  32. Movements in Modern Photography • In the 1920’s, artists like Moholy-Nagy and Man Ray attempted to expand and explore photography with a “new vision” using techniques such as photomontage, solarization, optical distortions, multiple exposures, & photograms

  33. Photojournalism • In the late 1940’s photography comes of age • Life and Look magazines popularized the photo essay • Advertising photography influences the masses Life Magazine first cover November 23, 1936 Margaret Bourke-White

  34. 20th Century Advances Instant Camera 1947 Color Photography becomes practical 1930’s Digital Photography 1980’s

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