Problem 6: Water on the Earth

1. Problem 6: Water on the Earth Presenter: Viktor MIREV Team: Bulgaria – Sofia

2. Main problem 6. Water on the Earth: The modern astrophysics states that the World Ocean emerged on the Earth due to a lengthy and intensive comet bombarding at a certain stage of the Solar System formation. Find out as many parameters of this grandiose phenomenon as you can.

3. How much water do we have on Earth?

4. 1 340 000 000 000 000 000 000kg. (1.34x1021kg)

5. Average comet Mass – 5.8*1013kg Water content – 80%

6. How many comets do we need?

7. ~ 29*106 comets

8. Is this even possible?

9. 700,000,000 years after the planets formed • Тhe gas giant planets are in a tight orbital configuration. •  Jupiter and Saturn reached a 2:1 orbital resonance. • Neptune and Uranus were scattered in the Kuiper Belt.

10. Late Heavy Bombardment

12. How much water is delivered to the Earth during LHB?

13. 5 x1018kg of comets before resonant crossing  9x1018kgof comets during the LHB.

14. The mass is determined from the number and size distribution of lunar basins that formed around the time of the LHB epoch.

15. LHB’s effects on the Earth

16. LHB effects on the Earth • The amount of comet material delivered to the Earth is ~ 1.8x1020kg

17. LHB’s contribution to the Earth’s water 1.44x1020kg water ~ 3.1x106 average comets. The amount of water delivered to the Earth during the LHB is ~ 1.44x1020 kg which is 80% of all comet material.

18. Other sources of water

19. Water-rich protoplanets

20. Biological activity C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

21. Conclusions • Apparently the LHB is not responsible for the all amount of water on the Earth. • The water delivered by the comets was may be essential for developing of early life organisms and it is the basis of all the water, because without this 10 % it is impossible to develop life.

22. Thank you for your attention!

23. Used literature and images • www.chimeralinsight.com • en.wikipedia.org • www.nature.com • www.nature.com • www.psrd.hawaii.edu • www.space.com • www.wallpoper.com • www.ngm.nationalgeographic.com • www.4.bp.blogspot.com • www.yomiuri.co • www.novostey.com • www.dvice.com • www.sciencedirect.com

24. What is a comet?

26. Oxygen catastrophe Great Oxidation, was the biologicallyinduced appearance of dioxygen(O2) in Earth's atmosphere which happened around 2.3 billion years ago Stage 1: no O2 in the atmosphere.Stage 2: O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock.Stage 3:O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces.Stages 4 & 5:O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates.

27. Craters’ age • The ages of craters’ floors can be estimated by measuring the density of superposed craters using the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Wide Angle Camera mosaic. • Absolute model ages were computed using the Model Production Function of Marchi.

29. MPF of Marcheli • Model Production Function chronology uses dynamic models of the Main Belt Asteroids and Near Earth Objects to derive the impactor flux to a target body. This is converted into the crater size-frequency-distribution for a specific planetary surface, and calibrated using the radiometric ages of different regions of the Moon's surface.