North and South: Then and Now

1. Journal # 10 Dating back to the days of the American colonies, the North and South were fundamentally different. The economy of the North was industrial, whereas the economy of the South was agricultural. These differences greatly contributed to the tensions that led to the Civil War. Do you think that today the North and South are more similar than they are different? Explain.

2. Quick Review • Manifest Destiny • Wilmot Proviso • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Gadsden Purchase • Gold Rush • “54-40 or Fight!”

3. The Union in Crisis (1846-1861) Chapter 6 - Section 1

4. Slavery, States' Rights, & Western Expansion Pages 192-197

5. What We Will Learn Today: How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over Slavery?

6. Slavery Divides a Nation Americans faced a crucial question: Should slavery be allowed to spread to new American territories west of the Mississippi River?

7. Slavery Divides a Nation David Wilmot proposed a law stating “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any” lands won from Mexico. Wilmot Proviso The northern-dominated House of Representatives approved it, but the Senate did not. Why? Really all about California’s entrance into the Union. While Congress is arguing, what's happening in California? BALANCE in SENATE

8. Slavery Divides a Nation North South • Opposed slavery • Industrial economy • More Urban Growth and a greater immigrant population. • Used railroads more. • Approved of slavery • Agricultural economy based on farming • Minimal Growth of cities • Transported on Rivers. • Little Immigrant population. • Slave population exploded.

9. Election of 1848 Dem. & Whigs split over question to limit the expansion of slavery. New political factions emerge. The Free Soil Party is one of the parties that gains momentum. Free Soil Party • Platform: • Main goal was to keep slavery out of westernterritories. • Supported Wilmot Proviso • Nominated Martin Van Buren "Free Soil, Free Speech, Free Labor, & Free Men."

10. Election of 1848 For decades the major parties avoided the issue of slavery. In this election, both will embrace popular sovereignty. Why? Zachary Taylor Whig Lewis Cass Democrat Martin Van Buren Free Soil WINNER LOSER 10% VOTES Popular Sovereignty - Allow the people in a territory to vote on whether they want slavery to exist or not in their state.

11. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Most intense debate in U.S. History! • John C. Calhoun • North should honor the Constitution and enforce the Fugitive Slave Law • South wanted California • Threatened to secede from U.S. • U.S. should have two Presidents---one from the North and one for the South • Daniel Webster • Secession is impractical & impossible • How would we split the land? • Compromise at all cost • Preserve the Union Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” was from the West and tried to work out differences between the North and South.

12. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Why did people like it? • North • Congress would admit California as a free state. • Texas would give up its claims to New Mexico in return for $10 million. • South • Congress would pass a strict new fugitive slave law. • Texas gets $10 million to pay off debt – from what? Both New Mexico and Utah are opened to slavery by principle of popular sovereignty.

13. COMPROMISE OF 1850 Senate Rejects Compromise After all the struggles between Clay, Calhoun, and Webster the Senate still rejects the compromise. How do people express their dislikes? What did you say? I didn’t think so! You idiot Foote! Senator Thomas Benton Senator Henry Foote Steven Douglas helps out the process by getting each component of Clay’s plan approved separately. Douglas

14. The passage of the compromise restored calm for the moment, but it carried the seeds of the new crisis to come.

15. Mix-N-Match Millard Fillmore Wilmot Proviso John C. Calhoun Free Soil Party Daniel Webster Lewis Cass Henry Foote Fugitive Slave Act Martin Van Buren Thomas Hart Benson Popular Sovereignty Compromise of 1850 Stephen A. Douglas Henry Clay Zachary Taylor William Seward Use your notes and textbook (Chapter 6 – Section 1) to complete the chart!

16. Review Main Ideas

17. Review Main Idea How did Congress try to resolve the dispute between North and South over Slavery?

18. The Union in Crisis (1846-1861) Chapter 6 - Section 2

19. A Rising Tide of Protest & Violence Pages 199-205

20. What We Will Learn Today: How did the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tension between the North and the South?

21. Effects of Compromise of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act required that private citizens assist with apprehending runaway slaves. Fugitive Slave Act • ABOLITIONISTS RESPOND • Denounced by Abolitionists • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s, Uncle Tom’s Cabin is published • A few northern states passed Personal Liberty Laws, which nullified the Fugitive Slave Act • Underground Railroad becomes more active

22. Effects of Compromise of 1850 The Fugitive Slave Act required that private citizens assist with apprehending runaway slaves. Fugitive Slave Act SOUTHERNERS RESPOND Southerners threatened secession and war Believed it should be enforced because the Constitution protects property and Federal law is over State law.

23. Underground Railroad to Freedom The Underground Railroad was a secretnetwork to help runaway slaves. “Conductors” gave food and clothing to runaways and provided them with a temporary hiding place. The Underground Railroad was “operated” at night. Why? Slaves were guided by the moonlight as it was there only source of light.

24. Underground Railroad to Freedom Harriet Tubman The most famous “conductor” of the Underground Railroad. Tubman was an escaped slave and ended up making 19 runs, guiding hundreds of slaves to safety (including her own parents). Planters placed a huge reward on her head, but she was never captured. She ended up becoming a speaker for the abolitionist movement.

25. Stowe Condemns Slavery Harriet Beecher Stowe Stowe published UncleTom’sCabin, a powerful condemnation of slavery. The novel sold 300,000 copies in its first year. It helped to show the immorality of slavery. The pen is mightier than the sword.

26. Where should a Transcontinental Railroad be placed?

27. KANSAS AND NEBRASKA ACT • Build a transcontinental connecting California to the East Coast either in the South or North • Stephen Douglas wanted the railroad built in the North but had to convince the South otherwise. • Proposed a plan that Kansas and Nebraska territories be opened up to slavery in return for building the railroad in the North. • PopularSovereignty would be used.

28. BLEEDING KANSAS • Kansas/Nebraska Act led to several acts of violence between pro-slavery settlers and anti-slavery settlers. • First violent outbreaks between north/south. • First battles of the Civil War begin in Kansas in 1856. • Over 200 killed (Led by John Brown) Attacks by free-states Attacks by pro-slavery states

29. BLEEDING KANSAS After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Kansas territory became a battleground. Pro-slavery and antislavery supporters rushed to settle in Kansas. The territory was torn by battles and massacres. The issue also bitterly divided the nation and led to the formation of the Republican Party. The first shots of the Civil War were in BleedingKansas.

31. Violence in the Senate Massachusetts senator Charles Sumner gave a heated speech called, “The Crime Against Kansas.” In his speech he insulted South Carolina senator Andrew Butler, who was absent. Three days later representative Preston Brooks (Butler’s Nephew) “met” with Sumner. Brooks attacked Sumner in the Senate with a cane until he was unconscious. Sumner was so badly injured that he could not return to the Senate for three years.

32. Review Main Idea How did the Fugitive Slave Law and the Kansas-Nebraska Act increase tension between the North and the South?

33. The Union in Crisis (1846-1861) Chapter 6 - Section 3

34. Political Realignment Deepens the Crisis Pages 207-213

35. What We Will Learn Today: What developments deepened the divisions between the North and South?

36. Shifting Political Scene Millard Fillmore The Last Whig President Angered the South with his support for California’s entry as a free state. Angered the North with his support for Fugitive Slave Act and popular sovereignty. Fillmore Members of the party left in large numbers. The Whig Party Disintegrates X

37. Shifting Political Scene The Know Nothings supported an anti-immigrant movement. They formed the American Party, but soon divided over the issue of slavery in the western territories. Would Catholics bring ideas that would undermine America’s religious freedoms? Would the Newcomers take jobs away from workers who were already here? Would they be lazy, not work, and weigh down society?

38. Shifting Political Scene The Republican Party Is Born!! • Platform: Opposed Slavery • Attracted: • Antislavery Democrats • Whigs • Free-Soilers • Know-Nothings

39. Quick Review • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Underground Railroad • Fugitive Slave Laws • Bleeding Kansas • Charles Sumner

40. Shifting Political Scene Election of 1856 LOSER WINNER LOSER John C. Fremont Republican James Buchanan Democrat Millard Fillmore Know-Nothings

41. Shifting Political Scene Election of 1856

42. DRED SCOTT DECISION • Slave from Missouri traveled with his owner to Illinois & Minnesota both free states. • His master died and Scott wanted to move back to Missouri – Missouri still recognized him as a slave. • He sued his master’s widow for his freedom since he had lived in a free state for a period of time. • Court case went to the Supreme Court for a decision – National issue • Can a slave sue for his freedom? • Is a slave property? • Is slavery legal?

43. DRED SCOTT DECISION • SSlaves cannot sue the U.S. for their freedom because they are property. • TThey are not citizens and have no legal right under the Constitution. • SSupreme Court legalized slavery by saying that • CCongress could not stop a slaveowner from moving his slaves to a new territory • MMissouri Compromise and all other compromises were unconstitutional Supreme Court hands down the Dred Scott decision North refused to enforce Fugitive Slave Law Free states pass personal liberty laws. Republicans claim the decision is not binding Southerners call on the North to accept the decision if the South is to remain in the Union.

44. DRED SCOTT DECISION Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (1777 to 1864) in the case of Dred Scott referred to the status of slaves when the Constitution was adopted. “They had (slaves) for more than a century before been regarded as beings of an inferior order; and altogether unfit to associate with the white race, either in social or political relations; and so far inferior that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect. This opinion was at that time fixed and universal in the civilized portion of the white race.”

45. John Brown's Raid • Brown, a violent abolitionist, who was involved in Bleeding Kansas. • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas. • Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. Brown

46. John Brown's Raid • Brown, a violent abolitionist, who was involved in Bleeding Kansas. • Murdered 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas. • Wanted to lead a slave revolt throughout the South by raising an army of freed slaves and destroying the South. • Attacked a U.S. ammunition depot in Harper’s Ferry, VA in Oct. of 1859 to capture weapons and begin his slave revolt. Brown

47. John Brown's Raid • John Brown was unsuccessful and was captured by the United States Marine Corps under the leadership of Robert E. Lee. John Brown was put on trial for treason.

48. John Brown's Raid • He was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. • Northerners thought of John Brown as a martyr to the abolitionist cause. • Southerners were terrified that if John Brown almost got away with this, that there must be others like him in the North who are willing to die to end slavery. Historical Significance: South believed they needed to leave the U.S. and start their own country. “I believe that the issue of slavery will never be solved unless through the shedding ofblood.” –Brown’s Last Words

49. John Brown: Martyr or Madman?