“To spare you i s no profit. . . to destroy you is no loss.”

1. “To spare you is no profit. . .to destroy you is no loss.” The Cambodian Genocide

2. Genocide • According to the Dictionary . . . • The deliberate extermination of a racial, religious, or ethnic group. • According to the United Nations . . . • “Any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life, calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group."

3. Cambodia? What? • Located in South East Asia • Once the center of the ancient kingdom of the Khmer; their capital city was Angkor. • The present day capital is Phnom Penh • In 1953, Cambodia gained its independence after nearly 100 years of French rule • The population of Cambodia in the 1960’s was over seven million; almost all of whom were Buddhists.

4. What is a “Buddhist”? • Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices considered by most to be a religionand based on the teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as "The Buddha" (the Awakened One). • Buddhists recognize him as an awakened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient beings end their suffering by understanding the true nature of phenomena, thereby escaping the cycle of suffering and rebirth, that is, achieving Nirvana.

5. What is a “Buddhist”? • Among the methods various schools of Buddhism apply towards this goal are: ethical conduct and altruistic behavior, devotional practices, renunciation of worldly matters, meditation, physical exercises, study, and the cultivation of wisdom. • Karma • Buddhist schools disagree on what the historical teachings of Gautama Buddha were, so much so that some scholars claim Buddhism does not have a clearly definable common core.

6. The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism • Life as we know it ultimately is or leads to suffering in one way or another. • Suffering is caused by craving or attachments to worldly pleasures of all kinds. This is often expressed as a deluded clinging to a certain sense of existence, to selfhood, or to the things or phenomena that we consider the cause of happiness or unhappiness. • Suffering ends when craving ends, when one is freed from desire. This is achieved by eliminating all delusion, thereby reaching a liberated state of Enlightenment • Reaching this liberated state is achieved by following the path laid out by the Buddha.

7. The Military Coup • In 1970 Prince Sihanouk was deposed; the leader of the new right-wing government was lieutenant-general Lon Nol, he was made president of the ‘Khmer Republic’. • Prince Sihanouk and his followers joined forces with a communist guerrilla organization founded in 1960 known as the Khmer Rouge; they attacked Lon Nol’s army and civil war began.

8. The Role of the Vietnamese War • Cambodia is neighbored by Vietnam to the East • Cambodia had preserved neutrality during the war by giving a little to both sides: • Vietnamese communists were allowed to use a Cambodian port to ship supplies • The United States was allowed to bomb Viet Cong hideouts in Cambodia; when Lon Nol took over, U.S. troops felt free to move into Cambodia, essentially turning it into part of the Vietnamese battlefield • Resulted in 750,000 deaths • Drove more recruits to the Khmer Rouge

9. Spread Too Thin • Lon Nol’s army was kept busy trying to suppress not only Vietnamese communists (Viet Cong) but also the rising Khmer Rouge . . . • In 1975, Lon Nol was defeated by the Khmer Rouge; more than 156,000 had died during the civil war . . . half of them were civilians.

10. A New Nation • Pol Pot, the leader of the guerilla movement, and the Khmer Rouge then embarked on a mission: • The Reconstruction of Cambodia • Model: Mao’s Communist China • Population must be made to work as laborers • Anyone in opposition must be eliminated Mao Zedong Pol Pot

11. The ‘Reconstruction’ Plan • Under threat of death, all inhabitants were forced to leave their towns and cities • People who refused to leave were killed, as were those who didn’t leave fast enough. • All political and civil rights were abolished • Children were to be taken from their parents and placed in forced labor camps • Factories, schools, and universities were shut down; so were hospitals • Lawyers, doctors, teachers, engineers, scientists ,and professional people in any field (including the army) were killed along with their families • Religion was banned • Buddhist monks were killed • Temples were all destroyed • Music/Radio sets were banned • It was possible to be shot simply for knowing a foreign language, wearing glasses, laughing, or crying.

12. The Survivors • Became unpaid laborers • Worked on minimum rations • Worked impossibly long hours • Were discouraged from having personal relationships; expressing their affection • Many people became weak from overwork and starvation and often fell ill . . . • The only treatment was death.

13. Other Targets • Racism in the Khmer Rouge • Also targeted: • Minority groups • Ethnic Chinese • Vietnamese • Thai • Cambodians with ties to any of the above ancestry lines • Christians • Muslims

14. The Toll • Civilian deaths during this period from: • Executions • Disease • Exhaustion • Starvation . . . Are estimated to be at well over 2 million.

15. The Fall of the Khmer Rouge • Links with China created hostility between the Pol Pot government and Vietnam • In 1978, the Vietnamese invaded and overthrew the Khmer Rouge and set up a puppet government composed mainly of defectors from the Khmer Rouge, this government was: • Socialist • Comparatively benign, but had difficulty organizing because of the “Reconstruction” which had . . . • Ruined the economy • Left all competent professionals, engineers, technicians, and planners dead (Oops)

16. America to the Rescue (What the . . . ?!) • The Khmer Rouge, in retreat, had some help from American relief agencies (that’s cute . . .) • In addition, we also ensured that the Khmer Rouge (rather than the Vietnamese-backed communist government) held on to Cambodia’s seat in the United Nations • The West’s fueling of the Khmer Rouge help up Cambodia’s recovery for a decade (Thanks, guys) • Uhh . . . WHY?! • The Cold War continued to dictate what allegiances existed • The United States hated the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was an ally of Vietnam, therefore, the United States hated Vietnam

17. The Return of Prince Sihanouk • Under international pressure, Vietnam finally withdrew its occupying army from Cambodia • Approximately 65,000 people were killed over the course of the twenty year conflict between the two countries; 14,000 of them were civilians. • A temporary coalition government formed: • Once again, it was legal to own land • The state religion, Buddhism, was restored • The last troops left Cambodia in 1989, and its name was officially restored • In 1991, a peace agreement was signed between the opposing groups, and in 1993, peacekeeping troops were arranged and the former monarch, Prince Sihanouk, was elected to lead the new government once again. • When Pol Pot’s trials began, many of the Khmer Rouge entered into deals to get immunity from prosecution; not surprisingly, they blamed everything on Pol Pot and claimed no knowledge of the mass murders.

18. In-Class Essay Having learned both about the Jewish Holocaust and the Cambodian genocide, what similarities and differences do you see in what happened in Cambodia and what happened in Europe twenty years earlier? What recurring themes are visible? (Hint: in terms of Western – particularly U.S. - involvement) What responsibility do you believe we have to intervene in such affairs?