Wethering of Soils/chapter 7

1. Wethering of Soils/chapter 7

2. Soils • _______---made of loose weathered rock and organic materials • Rock materials in soil include: • A) _______ ( forms when granite with quartz weathers) • B) _______ • C) ________

3. Sorting of sediment: • As sediment enters a large body of water, heavy objects fall out first • Order of sorting: • ________ • _________ • ________ • _________

4. Soils • ________ material— • substance from which soil is made • Two types of parent material: • A) ________—parent material is bedrock lying just beneath the soil • Ex: bluegrass of Ky

5. Soils • B)__________soil- • Soil which comes from some other location instead of bedrock. • ______ ________and the ________ have soils transported in from Canada by glaciers

6. Soils • _______ ___________ • Soil dug through to reach parent material

7. Soils • Mature soil profiles include: • 1)______-____________ • _______ • Gray-black • ______(organic) dead plants and animals

8. Soils • 2) ___-________ • ______________ • Clay • Red-brown Ca and Mg “________” from topsoil into subsoil making it rich

9. Soils • 3) ____-_________ • ___________________________ • Very unfertile • Very young

10. Soils • 4__________— • No weathering

11. Soils • Sequence of soil formation: • 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

12. Soils • _________ –single most important factor in determining soil type

13. Soils • Types of soil: • 1) ________ • High __________ • Heavy _______ • Infertile • Lots of chemical weathering

14. Soils • 2) ___________ ( temperate) • Medium amount of rain • Profile less than 1 meter • _________________________ • _________ • Wheat, grain

15. Soils • 3) ________ • ________ and _____________ • ___________ • Well developed soil profile • Not so fertile • __________________

16. Soils • 4) ______ • Dry climate • Profile a few cm • _________( if any rain) • ______________

17. Soils • 5) _____ • ______________ • Poorly drained profile • ________________________ • Profile shallow

18. Mass Movement • _______ __________and rock fragments fall, slide or move down mountain due to gravity

19. ____________—elevation of land • _______---land formed near sea level • ________—eroded table sloped plateau • _________- a tall tower formed from wind erosion

20. Mass Movement • Types of mass movement: • A) _______---slow down hill movement • causes fence posts, poles, etc to lean • “_______” a pile of sharp edged rock fragments at the base of a mt is due to Creep

21. Mass Movement • B) _________ • _____________—landslide of snow ______________—rapid movement of water-saturated mass of clay and silt • ____________: soil/rock downhill in one piece

22. Soil Conservation • _______ _______is the removal of topsoil and often causes streams to be muddy • Loss of topsoil is a big problem • Takes thousands of years to replace a few centimeters of soil

23. Soil Conservation • Ways soil may be lost: • 1) • 2) • 3)

24. Soil Conservation • Ways to conserve soil: • 1_______________---plant trees around a field • 2_____________: anchors the soil • 3_____________________—plant parallel to the mountain 4________________________—plant a low lying crop and then a non-ground cover crop • 5_________________—turn the soil over only once( plow, plant, fertilize all in one step) • 6______________________________

25. Soil Properties • ____________—amount of empty space in a rock • _____________________—ability to allow water to pass through

26. Properties of Soil • Factors affecting porosity: • 1)________ • __________—low porosity • ___________—high porosity

27. Properties of Soil • 2)_______: • _______ ________—high porosity • _______ ________—low porosity

28. Properties of Soil • 3) _________: ______ ________—high porosity • ______ -________—low porosity • Some rocks may have many pores ( high porosity) but will by non-permeable because the pore space is not connected