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HOW SHOULD THE UNITED STATES RESPOND TO CHINA’S INCREASING INVESTMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY?

HOW SHOULD THE UNITED STATES RESPOND TO CHINA’S INCREASING INVESTMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY?. Kathryn Mohrman School of Public Affairs Colloquium 10 April 2009. Today’s presentation. U.S. competitiveness China’s competitiveness Implications for colleges and universities

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HOW SHOULD THE UNITED STATES RESPOND TO CHINA’S INCREASING INVESTMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY?

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  1. HOW SHOULD THE UNITED STATES RESPOND TO CHINA’S INCREASING INVESTMENT IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY? Kathryn Mohrman School of Public Affairs Colloquium 10 April 2009

  2. Today’s presentation • U.S. competitiveness • China’s competitiveness • Implications for colleges and universities • Recommendations for U.S. science and technology policy

  3. The United States is in danger of losing its global predominance in science and technology • National Academy of Sciences, RisingAbove the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Future (2005)

  4. Report calls for significant investments • K-12 education • Best and brightest students in STEM fields, especially at the graduate level • More funding for science and engineering research • Greater attention to innovation • Blueprint for “America COMPETES Act” (signed into law in 2007)

  5. International Comparisons

  6. Taken from NSF “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  7. Taken from NSF “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  8. Taken from NSF “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  9. Taken from NSF “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  10. China’s competitiveness plan • 11th Five-Year Plan goal—2.5% of GDP by 2010 (and GDP is scheduled to increase 400% by 2020) • 15-year plan for development of science and technology in selected fields

  11. Taken from NSF “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  12. Taken from NSF report “Asia’s Rising Science and Technology Strength: Comparative Indicators for Asia, the European Union and the United States” NSF Special Report 07-319, August 2007 http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf07319/content.cfm?pubid=1874&id=4

  13. Human Capital in Science and Engineering: China, India, U.S.

  14. Science & engineering graduates Annual production of engineers, computer scientists and IT graduates (2004) China 600,000 India 350,000 U.S. 70,000 Rising Above the Gathering Storm, p.16.

  15. Enrollment by discipline 2004

  16. Revised statistics China IndiaUS NAS statistics 600,000 350,000 70,000 4-yr degrees CS, IT, eng351,537 112,000 137,437 1-3 year programs292,569 103,000 84,898 TOTAL644,106 215,000 222,335 Engineering and tech degrees per 1 million citizens 497 199 758 Wadhwa, V, et al, “Where the Engineers Are,” Issues in Science and Technology, Spring 2007

  17. Employment of S&T graduates Worldwide “talent shortage” despite growing numbers of graduates Only 10% of Chinese engineering grads are viewed as employable by multinational corporations Problems: outdated courses, little experience with teamwork, lack of loyalty, weak on creativity, poor English skills

  18. Institutional Perspectives

  19. Case study universities • China • Sichuan University (58,764) • Tianjin University (24,691) • Beijing Normal University (17,528) • Peking University (32,014) • Tsinghua University (25,404) • U.S. • Massachusetts Institute of Technology(8,366) • University of California, Berkeley (34,953) • University of Michigan (38,833)

  20. Sources: Ministry of Education of China; University Financial Statements 2007 for MIT, Berkeley, and Michigan.

  21. 985 Project Grant as % of Total University Expenditures 2007

  22. Table 10. Sources: Ministry of Education of China; U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges, 2007.

  23. Sources: Ministry of Education of China, Common Data Set; U.S. Department of Education, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System; U.S. National Science Foundation, Survey of Research and Development Expenditures at Universities and Colleges

  24. Sources: Science Citation Index 2003 and 2007; Social Science Citation Index 2003 and 2007; Arts and Humanities Citation Index 2003 and 2007.

  25. Sources: Ministry of Education of China; Science Citation Index; Social Science Citation Index; Art and Humanities Citation Index 2007.

  26. R&D Expenditures in U.S. Dollars (using PPP) per Cited Publication

  27. Academic Ranking of World Universities(Shanghai Jiaotong University)

  28. Implications

  29. Competitiveness and autonomy • Philip Altbach (2004) Characteristics of world class universities • Excellence in research • Good facilities • Adequate and predictable funding • Academic freedom, intellectual excitement • Faculty self-governance • D.M. Lampton (2008) Free societies have an inherent advantage for innovation and creative research

  30. Recommendations from “Rising Above the Gathering Storm” • Increase federal investment in basic research by 10% each year for 7 years • High-risk high-payoff research • Advanced Research Projects-Energy • Improve teaching in K-12 to raise students’ competitiveness internationally • Increase % of S&T college students • More graduate fellowships in S&T • Tax incentives for innovation • Public-private collaboration (SEMATECH)

  31. Stimulus and FY2010 Budget • Stimulus package • $21.4B for science and research (NSF, NIH, Energy, NASA, NIST, NOAA) • FY2010 budget proposal • Double federal support for S&T in 10 years • Support for high-risk promising research • Triple graduate fellowships in science • Expand Pell grants and reform student loans • Prepare and reward effective teachers and principals • Promote reforms in K-12 education

  32. How worried should we be about China’s S&T investment? • Today China is not competitive internationally • Faculty and students don’t stack up as high cited scholars and very employable graduates • But China’s ambitions are great • And it’s not just China

  33. Recommendations • Long term strategies • Clearer priorities • K-12 education is critical • Policy changes because they are the right things to do for America—not out of fear of China

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