인터넷 정보유통

1. 인터넷 정보유통

2. 정보유통 • 정보의 생산, 배포, 통합과 활용의 전 과정을 전반적으로 보는 관점 • 정보의 가치를 극대화함 • 매스컴 -> 인터넷 • E-mail, Hompage, Blog, ….

3. 문제점 (기술적) • 정보과부하 • 기술적 해결방법 • filtering • Data mining • Information Retrieval • 시스템 정비 • Semantic Webs • 정보유통의 다양화 • 응용영역의 다양화 • 비즈니스까지 • RFID가 일반화한 이유 • 인터넷 • 기술적 진보

4. 문제점 (사회적) • 정보접근 제한 • 사적 정보 보호 • 정보유통의 자유

5. 표준화 • Semantic Web • EPC-Global • DOI • (Semantic) Web Service, SOAP • ebXML • SGML, XML, XHTML

6. 인터넷 응용 • To use e-mail and homepages in daily life • Businesses are also moving quickly to set up their own home pages and build intranets • Started construction of the "cybercity • On various forms of electronic business transaction

7. 인터넷 환경의 특성 • The Internet is significantly different from conventional media such as publishing, communications and broadcasting, as it is characterized by the fact that it considerably increases opportunities on a global scale for the transmission of personal information and access to information, and there is a possibility that the Internet will drastically change the way in which information is conveyed and public opinion is formed in every field of political, economic, social and cultural life • Increased opportunities for mailing of personal information and access to information • Globalization of networks

8. 인터넷 정보 유통 • While it is easy for individuals to send out information, in contrast to media such as publishing, newspapers, broadcasting, etc., there are cases in which professional and vocational ethics have been disregarded on the part of the senders. • In contrast to broadcasting, users of electronic mail find it easy psychologically to send irresponsible information or violate the law, because t hey are allowed to remain anonymous. • Even if information containing illegal content is removed from the server, it can be easily and quickly copied to other servers. Such information is therefore very likely to continue to be distributed. • Even when one country prohibits the distribution of illegal information, the information can still be distributed throughout the world if its distribution is not illegal in other countries. Restriction of the distribution of illegal information by one country poses the problem that a specific country's laws may prevent the distribution of information that is legal i n other countries. • Even if a certain provider restricts the mailing of illegal information or access to illegal information, it is possible to use other providers to send or access such information.

9. 설문에 따른 중요한 사항 A list of specific problems was given, and those surveyed were asked to pick out problems that they thought required regulation on the Internet. List ed below are the problems chosen in the User Survey, in percentage order. (Multiple choices were allowed.) • Fraud on the network (63.5%) • Exaggerated and misleading advertisements for transactions (48.1%) • Distribution of slanderous information (44.5%) • Literary piracy, including unauthorized copying (42.4%) Respondents to the General Survey listed the following problems • Distribution of slanderous information (73.3%) • Fraud on the network (66.5%) • Obscene information (66.5%) • Exaggerated and misleading advertisements for transactions (60.3%)

10. Points regarding flow of information on the Internet • (1) Application of existing laws to the Internet • Some people maintain that the virtual society created on the Internet is a special space that is separate from real society, and that the rules of real society do not apply to it. However, it is impossible to understand the virtual society without linking it to real society, and it is assumed that the rules of real society should naturally apply to the flow of information on the Internet. Specifically, what is illegal in real society should be illegal in the virtual society on the Internet. • (2) Legal framework of the Internet • Since the Internet is a form of communication using public networks and private lines, and since providers are also Type I (printing and publishing) or Type II (communications and broadcasting) carriers, they are regulated by the laws governing the communications system, such as the Telecommunications Business Law. On the other hand, information on the Internet includes not only information that is exchanged between specific parties by e-mail, but also information intended to be made public by its originator, such as information provided in home pages on the World Wide Web (WWW) for the general public, or information repeatedly transmitted and received among a large number of unspecified users, as in the case of net news. Thus, when the Internet's form of transmission is considered, some believe that a third category needs to be established, which may be called "communications of a public nature," alongside the existing legal system governing the current forms of communications and broadcasting.

11. Points regarding flow of information on the Internet • (3) Protecting secrecy of communications on the Internet: Users of the Internet are normally identified by the author of a World Wide Web home page, by the identifying address of the page (URL), or by an address for e-mail or a news group. However, it has been pointed out that these can be used anonymously.It generally thought that allowing users to transmit information anonymously is helpful in ensuring individuals' freedom of information. For instance, anonymous expression is useful in guaranteeing opportunities for social underdogs to avoid pressure and sanctions from the majority and express their views. However, there is a possibility that anonymous expression, if a bused, might encourage users to mail irresponsible information, endangering the right to access information freely and the development of free and accurate public opinion. It will be necessary in the future to study the way in which the anonymity of transmitters should be protected from the viewpoint of the forms of the Internet use. It is also necessary to discuss the rights and wrongs of imposing restrictions on the anonymity of transmitters, taking into account specific interests -including, for example, providing people who have been defamed by anonymous statements with a way of identifying the transmitters. • Secrecy of content of communications : Information on the Internet has been protected so far under the secrecy of communications guaranteed by the Telecommunications Business Law (Artic le 4). With regard to communications intended for a specific party, such a s e-mail, it is necessary to protect the secrecy of the content, as in the case of communications by telephone. With regard to "open communications, " such as home pages on the Internet, however, since people mail information on the assumption that the content of their information will be open to the general public, it is believed that such transmitters in most cases have no intention of preserving the secrecy of the content. It is therefore necessary to study how much secrecy is required for the content of communications, taking into account the various types of Internet use. • Anonymity of transmitters Secrecy of communications, as specified by the Telecommunications Business Law, is interpreted to include not only the content of communications but also to a certain extent associated information, such as the names of transmitters. On the Internet as well, the names and addresses of information senders are regarded as part of the secrecy of communications. Even if the concept of "open communications" is introduced, and the content of communications is considered as open to the public, some people maintain that components of communications such as addresses and names of transmitters are also secret.

12. Points regarding flow of information on the Internet • (4) Establishment of rules for flow of information on the Internet and the protection of freedom of information. • In general, freedom of information is guaranteed for the flow of information on the Internet. The way in which the free flow of information is balance d against the protection of interests, such as the protection of reputation and privacy and the protection of young people, is important. In other words , freedom of information for the flow of information on the Internet cannot be approved without any restriction, and a necessary minimum of restrictions must be imposed on it, in the same way that other human rights are guaranteed. It is not easy to set general criteria for distinguishing cases in which freedom of information needs to be guaranteed from cases in which it should be restricted. When establishing specific regulations, it is therefore important to build a social consensus regarding the legal benefits and protection that should be used to cope with individual problems and how to solve them. In addition, in the case of the Internet, since information is distributed across national borders, it is essential to build not only a domestic consensus but also an international consensus--making the problem more complex. Legal controls on the flow of information on the Internet have posed constitutional problems abroad. In the United States, provisions to regulate the flow of specific information on the Internet were added in February 1996 to Article 223 of the Communications Act of 1934, which was amended by Article 50 2 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996 (hereinafter referred to as Article 223 of the Amended Communications Act). In protest against this, civil organizations, led by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and major carrier s providing communications services for PC users filed a suit, maintaining t hat the provisions of Article 223 of the Amended Communications Act that impose restrictions on "indecent" and "patently offensive" information violate the First Amendment to the American Constitution.

13. Points regarding flow of information on the Internet • (5) Points in establishing specific rules regarding flow of information on the Internet: When discussing the establishment of specific regulations for the flow of information on the Internet, it is not easy to set concrete criteria for cases in which restrictions are allowed, because of the relation to freedom of expression, as explained above. Because the Internet is a global network, it is necessary to develop international criteria. However, when we consider t he fact that even the definition of obscenity differs from country to country, depending on culture and history, it is clearly difficult to develop such criteria.It is therefore necessary to specify the information to which a regulation applies when studying the establishment of a specific regulation. When discussing this matter, it seems necessary to distinguish between "illegal information whose originator is punishable by the criminal code, or which constitutes an illegal act in the light of the civil code" and "content that is harmful, but not to the extent of being illegal." What constitutes illegal content depends on the legislation in each country. Therefore, the most important task is to ensure international collaboration and cooperation, including the establishment of minimum standards common to all countries through comparative studies of legislation, in order to determine whether harmful content is illegal at home and abroad, or illegal at home but legitimate in some foreign countries, or legal at home but illegal in some foreign countries, and through comparative studies of actual trial cases

14. Points regarding flow of information on the Internet • (6) Responsibility for flow of information on the Internet • Responsibility of transmitters of information • The characteristic of the Internet that significantly distinguishes it from traditional media such as newspapers and broadcasting is that it allows individual users to mail information freely and easily to the general public. It is necessary for mailers to fully recognize t he fact that in principle they are legally responsible for the information they have mailed. In addition, a stronger moral sense on the part of user s is indispensable when they use the Internet than when they use tradition al media, and it is considered important for each user to be aware of the significance of observing the basic rules on which social consensus has be en built. • Responsibility of providers • Many providers stipulate in the provisions of their agreement with users that conduct contrary to public order and good custom, or acts abusing or slandering others, are forbidden, and they remove information of such nature, or exclude the user in case of such conduct or acts. Carriers are not allowed to become involved in the content of communications in the case of communications between specific parties, in order to protect the secrecy of communications. On the other hand, steps taken by providers in accordance with their own user agreements can be regarded as one of the effective measures for dealing with the flow of illegal information in relation to "communications of a public nature." Views regarding the responsibility of providers include "they are likely to be accused of aiding and abetting t he crime of a mailer if they are aware of the existence of illegal information and have done nothing about it for a certain period of time" (criminal liability) and "they will be held liable for damages to the victims if i t is judged that they have done nothing about it for a certain period of time on purpose or due to negligence" (civil liability). • Steps that can be taken by recipients of information • It is important to respect transmitters' freedom of information and also to provide an opportunity for recipients to select suitable information. Equally, the freedom to exclude undesirable information must also be respected. In the future, when not only households but also elementary and junior high schools all over the country will be connected to the Internet, it is assumed that recipients will selectively use filtering software to exclude certain types of information, in order to prevent the Internet access to obscene information.

15. Countermeasures against illegal and harmful information • To establish rules concerning the content of communications • To establish rules for the methods of communication (restricting access with software that blocks specific information, for example) • To establish rules for entities in communications (covering the responsibilities of transmitters and providers). • Technical measures • Institutional measures.

16. Rules for entities in communications • Technical measures Use of filtering software by recipients to block information with certain content selectively is considered to be an effective way of ensuring transmitters' freedom of information and protection of secrecy of communications, while at the same time giving serious attention to the opportunities of recipients for proper selection, and with due consideration to the differences in the legislation in different countries. There are two problems in this context: the first is what software should be selected, and the second is how to classify and rate sites using the software. The PICS (the Platform for Internet Content Selection) is used as an industry-wide standard for software, but it is necessary to study what technical standard should be adopted. With regard to the classification and rating of sites, RSACi based on PICS is available. How to establish a specific rating standard is a problem that needs careful study, since it relates to the issue of freedom of information. • Institutional measures • Voluntary measures Home pages on the Internet are different from broadcasting, since only those who have the intention of accessing them can obtain the information, but their concept resembles that of broadcasting in terms of the availability of information to the general public, and in the sense that anyone can access the information. It is therefore considered that a specific regulation can be developed on the basis of a study of examples of voluntary measures, such as the "Guideline on the Programme Contents of International Satellite Television Broadcasting in the Asia-Pacific Region" formulated on March 10, 1995, and the ethical code of the Japan Telephone Service Association for telephone information services. In developing a specific regulation, it is considered desirable that non-governmental organizations should develop voluntary regulations, taking the need to guarantee freedom of expression into consideration. • Legal measures : two American district courts have ruled that part of the provisions of Article 223 of the Amended Communications Act was unconstitutional, and examination of this case will start at the Supreme Court at the beginning of 1997.

17. Measures to be implemented urgently • Strengthening international cooperation • Promoting self regulations by Internet providers in each country • Strengthening cooperation to achieve technical measures • Establishment of a complaint processing system • Enhancement of education for the information society (45.9% -a majority of the respondents- preferred)