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The Digital Divide: Historical Perspective

Kim and Matt, My changes are in red. I have put in all the text, proof text, sources ( references) that I plan to, and consider my part complete. Possble minor changes per mutual agreement.

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The Digital Divide: Historical Perspective

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  1. Kim and Matt, My changes are in red. I have put in all the text, proof text, sources ( references) that I plan to, and consider my part complete. Possble minor changes per mutual agreement. When your editing is done, I will change my additons in the final version back to “automatic” color (the dark blue of most of the text), and remove these comments. Debbie, 2/16/07, 9:30 AM The Digital Divide: Historical Perspective Kim Zaletta Deborah Higgins Matthew Chew February 18, 2007 Presentation for UVM Course EDFS200 February 2007

  2. Topic: Legacy of Plessy Given Lenski's Assertion, "IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity" IMPORTANT - To make the interactive parts work, this presentation must be run as a slide show. Click “View - Slide Show”. Presentation for UVM Course EDFS200 February 2007

  3. Click on a Topic to go to that slide Investigating the Digital Divide IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity Impact of IT on Schooling Aspects of the Digital Divide Government and the "Digital Divide" Access to Information  Technology Conclusions

  4. Digital Divide Aspects of the “Digital Divide”? Back to Choices • Digital Divide refers to the gap between those who can make use of information technology and those who have obstacles • Some causes of the Digital Divide • IT literacy • Access to information technology • Government policy (Plessy). Johnson (2002), pg. 147 • IT literacy increases cultural capacity. Lenski (2005), pg. 67. • Digital Divide also affects public schools • The above topics are discussed in this presentation • Other causes of the Digital Divide are from our readings, but not further discussed here  Technological Aptitude  Access to Technology  Racial advantages or disadvantages  Economic advantages or disadvantages This whole page is new. The reason is that our title is “Digital Divide” but somehow we never thoroughly define it. This is my take at a definition slide. Clicking on center image of “Investigating Dig Div” jumps to this page. Debbie, 2/16/07

  5. Did we really want to remove these tags? I think they are very helpful to keep focus on the topic. Some slides are obvious but others not. Even I lose track if I use the links to jump around. Debbie, 2/16/07 IT Literacy IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity Back to Choices • Information Technology (IT) literacy is familiarity with: • Hardware (our focus is on using computers) • Software (our focus is internet and databases) • Cultural Capacity includes success in … • Performance in and Graduation from School • Career opportunities • Personal growth and networking • Keeping current and satisfying personal interests • Technology is used to satisfy human needs and desires. (Click to see proof text, Lenski, (2005), page 63)

  6. IT Literacy IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity - continued Back to Choices • Encouraging expansion of technology • Rural businesses need technology to compete in global and urban markets • Businesses and education will fail without technology • Using technology for research-questionable sources

  7. Population growth Technological Advance Increased contact with other societies More positive attitude toward change = Feedback IT Literacy IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity - continued Back to Choices This whole slide is new. DH, 2/16/07 • Some Consequences of Technological Advance Click to see proof text, Lenski (2005), page 67)

  8. Computers help us do more. IT Literacy IT Literacy Increases Cultural Capacity - continued Back to Choices • IT Literacy: • improves productivity, leisure options, and our remaining informed • provides access to benefits of technology • The Digital Divide separates those with and without IT literacy • can use society to close the digital divide ThIs is a cute picture and goes with cptr enabling us to do more, so I think should be bigger. DH, 2/16/07

  9. IT Literacy What experts say. . . Back to Choices • Lenski – • Technology meets human desires and needs (pp.63) • Change occurs in most stable societies (pp. 71) • Technology plays an important role in society’s advances (pg. 72) • Johnson – • Education promotes communication and accuracy in business (pg. 75) • Tannenbaum – • “Educators and other interested citizens need to convince our governments of the importance and value of providing both training and education to help eliminate inequality.” (para. 30) • “The Web offers the potential to reach countless people who otherwise are effectively cut off from higher education and other sources of training.” (para. 28) Click here to read Lenski article Click here to read Johnson article Click here to read Tannenbaum article

  10. Impact on Schooling Impact of IT on Schooling Back to Choices . Studies show that computers at home can assist youth in reaching the goal of high school graduation. Click to read “Study: Digital Divide affects school success” article

  11. Impact on Schooling Socialization of Student – Teacher Relationship Back to Choices Impact of IT on Schooling - continued . • Students are empowered as they rate professors (para. 14) • Students want to learn something important from their teacher (para. 31) Dilemmas on student-teacher relationship • E-mail is easier on students – Time demand and stress from face to face meetings removed but creates higher volume of work for teacher (para. 10) • Literature Search • is a Google search away (para. 30) • no longer waiting in line at library or publication access (para. 3) • easy to copy text verbatim and uncited (para. 14) • much of the available material is questionable (para. 14) Click to read Crawford article

  12. Access to IT Issues of Access to Information Technology- Habits and Traditions Back to Choices • Current differences emerging from habits of social traditions and policies • Not all traditions are worth preserving • Not all policies rectify inequalities • Generally accepted policies and habits contributing to lasting social conditions • Plessy gives a reminder of "separate but equal" institutional conditions • In spite of the law providing for citizen's to have rights to education, the social condition refusing to provide this to black citizens was supported by the law's interpretation that these were not citizens, and therefore did not have the right to this law's being enforced on their behalf. (pg. 146) • When this was acknowledged, the law school for Negroes, to open in 1947, was given only 4 faculty whose offices were located at the Univ. of Texas law school, limited lirbrary inventory with no full time librarian, and the school lacked acredidiation. (pg. 148)

  13. Gordon states, • "A society is organized to serve the needs of its members," (pg. 22) • People of privilege structure the social order to protect themselves while presenting it as serving the good of the community (pg. 22) • Social divisions posed by authors reviewed by Gordon demonstrate their desire to “deliver a political message” (pg. 27) • No evidence exists that shows genetic difference reduce intelligence Access to IT Social Divisions and Intelligence Back to Choices Click to read Gordon article

  14. Access to IT Social Divisions and Intelligence...continued • Gordon reviewing Herrnstein and Murray’s book The Bell Curve: • finds many of the book’s issues troubling, questions how Herrnstein and Murray can then use this distinction to classify individuals into groups and thus determine their intelligence “…I am unable to embrace the notion that ethnicity and race are appropriate indicators of group membership for purposes of studying intelligence,” (p.37). • Gordon states “Individual variability in expression means that heredity is outcomes,” (p. 30) • Blacks do not score as well on standardized tests as Whites do…low IQ is associated with low socioeconomic status, low educational achievement, low occupational status, low income, low-level family functioning, high crime and welfare dependency, and low levels of civility and citizenship,” (p. 24) Click to read Gordon article

  15. Access to IT Kozol on Access Back to Choices • Statistics for Motts Haven, Bronx are shocking (p.373): • Population 100% minority - 2/3 Hispanic, 1/3 Black • 7 out of 800 students do NOT qualify for free lunch • Depression and asthma common, many cannot sleep • Basic needs are not met • 91% of babies born with AIDS are Black or Hispanic. • Technology last thing on minds of residents - fight to survive • Neighborhoods -deadliest blocks in deadliest precinct of city • Division of races between 96th Street and 97th Street -below 96th Street and the impoverished above it and “No one in New York, in any case expects the racial isolation of these neighborhoods to lessen in the years ahead (p.375) The Library and reference itself spell the author’s name as “Kozol” (not “Kozal”) Debbie, 2/16/07 Click to read Kozol article

  16. Access to IT Garcia on Access Back to Choices Urban versus Rural Issues “Information and communication alone cannot sustain development" (pg. 117). The challenge of the rural based business is to design technology based networks to meet their needs…networks can be specifically designed to reinforce local strengths while compensating for local weaknesses,” (p. 118). Mass media made more apparent the division between the rural and urban markets (pg. 125). Utilizing the self-dependent, networking strengths of the rural business field, sharing of information can assist the rural business in "reducing the time involved in product development and lead to higher quality products". (pg. 126) Society replaces the use of humans in creating goods with computers and machines, where humans are still needed, these jobs are exported for inexpensive labor (pg. 137) Click to read Garcia article

  17. Role of Government Government and the “Digital Divide” Back to Choices • Necessity of Government Policy and Involvement • Required to reduce "Digital Divide" in Schools • Required to reduce differences Rural Versus Urban • How Government Policy Affects Schools • Attempt toward equality • Avoid racial inequality (Click for proof text, Johnson (2002), page 147) Click here for more on the Digital Divide

  18. Role of Government Government and the “Digital Divide” - continued Back to Choices • Effecting Change • Ideals represented through development of public schooling • Not all members of community will agree on nature of problems • Not all members of community will agree on means to improve conditions

  19. Dilbert’s comments on the wrong type of policy makers. Role of Government Government and the “Digital Divide” - continued Back to Choices Modern technology is complicated • The wrong policy can quickly cause lots of little problems • Policy makers have to be responsive and knowledgeable • The rote management approach will not work here

  20. Conclusion In Conclusion Back to Choices • IT literacy improves the quality of life and unifies through education • IT educational opportunities are not made available equally • Society has a responsibility to its citizens to meet its needs • Government, state and local agencies have disparate methods on a standardized method to meet the needs of those they govern

  21. Proof Text Proof Text Back to Choices Proof text references give the summary text (bullet text) and its supporting proof text, with abbreviated reference by name of author and date of publication. The “Sources” slide gives the full citation for the abbreviated reference. • Slide Title: IT Literacy Increases  Cultural Capacity (Slide 4)”Technology is information about the ways in which resources of the environment may be used to satisfy human needs and desires.” Lenski (2005), pg. 63. • Slide Title: IT Literacy Increases  Cultural Capacity - continued (Slide 6)Figure caption: “Some components of technological advances”, Lenski (2005), pg. 67. • Slide Title: Government and the "Digital Divide“ - continued (Slide 16)“…common government of all shall not permit the seeds of race hate to be planted under the santion of law.” Johnson (2002), pg. 147. Click here for full citations (Sources slides)

  22. Sources Source Materials Back to Choices • Crawford, M. B., The Computerized Academy (n.d.) Retrieved on February 7, 2007 from http://www.thenewatlantis.com/archive/9/crawford.htm • Garcia, D. L. (2005). "Cooperative Networks and the Rural-Urban Divide". In Digital Formations: IT and New Architecture in the Global Realm (pp. 118-145). • Gordon, E. W. (1999). “Human Social Divisions and Human Intelligence: Putting Them in Their Place”. In Education and justice:A View from the Back of the Bus” (pp. 21-33). New York, NY: Teachers College Press. • Johnson, T. W. (2002). "Plessy & Beyond: Separate but Equal Doctrine". In Historical documents in education (pp. 143-147). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. • Jones-Kavalier, B. and Flannigan, S. (2006). Connecting the Digital Dots: Literacy of the 21st Century. Educause Quarterly 29(2), 2. This is the way the Gordon document is listed in UVM Library Course Reserves link (in EDFS200 Course Readings Link), in UVM catalog, and in Course Modules, Week of Feb 11 (except there “View..Bus” not there, but should be, part of ISBN book title. Debbie, 2/16/07

  23. Sources Source Materials (Cont’d) Back to Choices • Kozol, J. (1995). Amazing grace: The Lives of children and the conscience of a nation. [excerpt] Crown Publishers. • Lenski, G. (2005). “Determinants of the Characteristics of Individual Societies: The Independent Variables”. In Ecological-Evolultionary Theory: Principles and Applications (pp. 53-80). • Study:'Digital Divide' affects school success. (December 12, 2005) Retrieved February 5, 2007 from http://www.ucsc.edu

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