推断题、修辞目的题 、 句子插入题、文章小结题

1. 推断题、修辞目的题、句子插入题、文章小结题推断题、修辞目的题、句子插入题、文章小结题

2. 考察对句子理解：推断题 考察句间逻辑关系：修辞目的题、句子插入题 考察段落之间逻辑关系：文章小结题

3. 推断题 考察对句子的理解能力

4. 推断题vs细节题 差异？？ 地球人都在说：一个是我们推断出来的，一个是原文直接写的 大错特错！！！！ 相反，只要这个选项和原文 是一个意思，我们就要选它！

5. 真正的差异在于： 推断题是作者暗示给我们的信息，所以对于原文句子的理解要求更高 其实很多推断题的正确选项往往就是原文的意思的再现，没有推断成分 有些选项和原文很像我们却不选，是因为它根本不是原文的意思，是原文的误写！

6. Paragraph 2……Spices were the most sought-after commodities. Spices not only dramatically improved the taste of the European diet but also were used to manufacture perfumes and certain medicines. But even high-priced commodities like spices had to be transported in large bulk in order to justify the expense and trouble of sailing around the African continent all the way to India and China It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that spices from Asia were desirable in Europe in the Middle Ages because they ○were easily transported in large quantities ○could not be produced in European countries ○could be traded for products such as perfumes and medicines ○were expected to increase in value over time

7. 修辞目的题 考察内容：句子之间的逻辑关系

8. 地球人都知道：定位到原文后，往前看一句

9. 地球人都知道：定位到原文后，往前看一句 可是为什么要往前看呢？？？

10. 常见的逻辑关系：1.举例、论证（for example） ——论证前文观点2.转折（however，in fact） ——对前文的转折3.递进（also，furthermore，moreover）——对前文的递进4.类比（just like）——为具体解释前文而类比

11. 所以，往前看都是有理由的！

12. Paragraph 4: The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century. It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century,Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea. which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure. 9. Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass ○To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans ○To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe ○To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible ○To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved

13. Paragraph 4: The astrolabe had long been the primary instrument for navigation, having been introduced in the eleventh century.It operated by measuring the height of the Sun and the fixed stars: by calculating the angles created by these points, it determined the degree of latitude at which one stood (The problem of determining longitude, though, was not solved until the eighteenth century.) By the early thirteenth century,Western Europeans had also developed and put into use the magnetic compass, which helped when clouds obliterated both the Sun and the stars. Also beginning in the thirteenth century, there were new maps refined by precise calculations and the reports of sailors that made it possible to trace one's path with reasonable accuracy. Certain institutional and practical norms had become established as well. A maritime code known as the Consulate of the Sea. which originated in the western Mediterranean region in the fourteenth century, won acceptance by a majority of sea goers as the normative code for maritime conduct; it defined such matters as the authority of a ship's officers, protocols of command, pay structures, the rights of sailors, and the rules of engagement when ships met one another on the sea-lanes. Thus by about 1400 the key elements were in place to enable Europe to begin its seaward adventure. 9. Why does the author include the information that Western Europeans had developed and put into use the magnetic compass ○To provide an example of an instrument that was developed after caravels had begun traveling across oceans ○To provide an example of an improvement that resulted directly from the invention of the astrolabe ○To identify one of the technological advances that made sea trade with the East possible ○To explain how the problem of determining longitude was solved

14. 句子插入题

15. 第一步：看是否有指代词 如有，则向前寻找被指代的信息 如果没有，则进行第二步 第二步：idea/detail？ 若插入句为观点，则插入在相应细节之前 若插入句为细节，则插入在相应观点之后

16. 指代词 • At times, itisactuallypossibletowatchtheeffects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. Forexample, Australia duringthe 1940 s wasoverrunbyhundreds of millions of Europeanrabbits. ■Therabbitsdestroyedhugeexpanses of Australia and threatenedthesheep and cattle industries. In ■1950, myxoma virus, a parasite thataffectsrabbits, wasdeliberatelyintroducedinto Australia to control therabbitpopulation. ■Spread rapidlybymosquitoes, the virus devastatedtherabbitpopulation. ■The virus waslessdeadlytotheoffspring of survivingrabbits, however, and itcausedless and lessharmovertheyears. Apparently, genotypes (thegeneticmake-up of anorganism) in therabbitpopulationwereselectedthatwerebetterabletoresistthe parasite. Meanwhile, thedeadlieststrains of the virus perishedwiththeir hosts as natural selectionfavoredstrainsthatcouldinfect hosts butnotkillthem. Thus, natural selectionstabilizedthis host-parasite relationship. Thismassivepopulationbegan a centuryearlier as a meretwelvepairs of importedrabbitsthatreproducedquickly and developedinto a majorproblem.

17. Paragraph 4: Modern attitudes to Roman civilization range from the infinitely impressed to the thoroughly disgusted. ■As always, there are the power worshippers, especially among historians, who are predisposed to admire whatever is strong, who feel more attracted to the might of Rome than to the subtlety of Greece. ■At the same time, there is a solid body of opinion that dislikes Rome. ■For many, Rome is at best the imitator and the continuator of Greece on a larger scale. ■Greek civilization had quality; Rome, mere quantity. Greece was original; Rome, derivative. Greece had style; Rome had money. Greece was the inventor; Rome, the research and development division. Such indeed was the opinion of some of the more intellectual Romans. “Had the Greeks held novelty in such disdain as we,” asked Horace in his epistle, “what work of ancient date would now exist?” • 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. • They esteem symbols of Roman power, such as the massive Colosseum.

18. idea • Paragraph 3: One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize. ■Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals, but it does occur. ■Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition. ■In fact, fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years. ■ • 13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. • It is relatively rare because the fossilization of soft-bodied animals requires a special environment.

19. detail Paragraph6: Second, primarygroups are fundamental becausetheyprovidethesettings in whichwemeetmost of our personal needs. ■Withinthem, weexperiencecompanionship, love, security, and anoverallsense of well-being. ■Notsurprisingly, sociologistsfindthatthestrength of a group'sprimaryties has implicationsforthegroup'sfunctioning. ■Forexample, thestrongertheprimarygroupties of a sportsteamplayingtogether, thebettertheir record is. ■ • 12. Look at thefoursquares [■] thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecould be addedtothepassage. • Peoplewho do notlivealone, forexample, tendtomakehealthierlifechoices and developfewerpathologiesthanpeoplewholivebythemselves.

20. 文章小结题 • 地球人都知道：要选概括的，不选细节的 • 可是什么样的是概括性的，什么样的是细节的？

21. 文章小结题 • 概括性的选项=原文一个 或多个段落的大意总结 • 细节性的选项=原文某段之内局部的信息点，没有用整段来论述

22. Tips • 不会有两个选项都讲同一件事。也就是如果有两个选项讲的信息特别像，那这两个选项中只能选一个 • 正确的三个选项连起来可以推动文章发展，概括了文章脉络

23. 文章脉络is related to文章类型 • 三大类文章： • 1.Argue型 • （理论1-反驳-理论2…） • 2.现象解释型文章 • （阐述现象-提出解释1-解释2-解释3）或 • （阐述现象-提出证据-得出结论） • 3.说明性文章 • （概述主题-介绍主题第一方面-介绍主题第二方面-第三方面……）

24. Tips • 不想冲刺满分的同学，不要把过多的注意力放在最后一道题上，你真正差的是小题。小题拿稳了，照样27,28 • 想冲刺满分的同学，你需要在文章内部逻辑联系上多下工夫。方法是： • 1.多做段落内部层次分析，每个细节是如何连接观点的？ • 2.段落大意总结，这几个段落如何相连去论证、阐述文章题目的？