PRESENTED BY: AZILA BT SABTU NOR AZLINA ABDUL GHANI HAZWANI BT HAIROMAN

1. PRESENTED BY: • AZILA BT SABTU • NOR AZLINA ABDUL GHANI • HAZWANI BT HAIROMAN GROUP 2

2. Human Development Common disease or illness among young children and steps taken to prevent or handle them.

3. INTRODUCTION

4. DISEASES / ILLNESS INFECTIOUS iILLNESSES INHERITED ILLNESSES ECZEMA FLU EAR INFECTIONS AIDS EPILEPSY PNEUMONIA MEASLES

5. INFECTIOUS DISEASES

6. MEASLES

7. What is measles? • common infection caused by the measles virus • characterized by symptoms of cold and fever followed by appearance of rash.

8. Measles • The first scientific description of the disease is attributed to Ibn Razi (Rhazes) through Kitab fi Al - Jadari wa - al - Hasbah

9. How is it spread?? • Measles spreads through air droplets e.g.: sneezing and coughing from an infected patient • direct contact with the rash

10. Symptoms • The symptoms of measles include a fever (at least three days) • three Cs - cough, coryza (runny nose) and conjunctivitis (red eyes).

11. The fever may reach up to 40 degrees Celsius (105 Fahrenheit). • Rash begins several days after the fever starts. It starts on the head before spreading to cover most of the body • The rash can be itchy.

12. Complications • usually does not cause any complications. • However, it suppresses the immunity and makes the child prone to getting pneumonia, ear infection, bacterial infections.

13. Rarely a child with measles may get brain involvement (encephalitis)

14. Treatment • fever reducing agents (antipyretics) • antihistamines to control cold. • Calamine may be applied over the rash to control the itching • receive high dose vitamin A.

15. How is measles prevented ? • can be prevented by immunization with measles vaccine or MMR vaccine. • measles vaccine needs to be given at 9 months of age and MMR vaccine at 15 to 18 months of age to boost the immunity

16. However, one dose of MMR vaccine is adequate to give life long immunity. • Persons who are in close contact with the patient and have never received the measles or MMR vaccine should be given measles immunoglobulin immediately short-term immunity.

17. EAR INFECTIONS

18. Ear infections Ear infections are commonly diagnosed form of illness attacking children

19. Causes • The rainy season may contribute to problems in the upper respiratory tract causing an infection that can lead to a separate ear infection. • exposure to cigarette smoke

20. mistakes in the process of bottle-feeding • missed immunizations • day care attendance children who attend a nursery is highly likely that certain illnesses will be spread from one child to another.

21. Symptom A child with an ear infection may have a white or yellowish fluid draining from the ear and it may be accompanied by a foul odor.

22. Treatment • ranging fromantibiotics to ear drops • In some cases certain children, such as those who suffer from persistent hearing loss or delay in speech may be recommended for ear tube surgery.

23. Prevention • Parents can minimize the risk of ear infections in kids by doing a simple thing like hand washing as a way to reduce germs that cause infections.

24. Pneumonia

25. What is pneumonia? • general term that refers to an infection of the lungs • caused by a variety of microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.

26. begins after an upper respiratory tract infection (an infection of the nose and throat). • When this happens, symptoms of pneumonia begin after 2 or 3 days of a cold or sore throat.

27. Signs & Symptoms • vary, depending on the age of the child and the cause of the pneumonia. • Some common symptoms include: • Fever • Cough • vomitting

28. Sometimes a child's only symptom is rapid breathing. • Sometimes when the pneumonia is in the lower part of the lungs near the abdomen, there may be no breathing problems at all, but there may be fever and abdominal pain or vomiting.

29. When pneumonia is caused by bacteria an infected child usually becomes sick relatively quickly and experiences the sudden onset of high fever and unusually rapid breathing

30. Viral Pneumonia • symptoms tend to appear more gradually and are often less severe than in bacterial pneumonia. Wheezing may be more common in viral pneumonia.

31. Although different types of pneumonia tend to affect children in different age groups, pneumonia is most commonly caused by viruses.

32. Treatment • In most cases, pneumonia can be treated with oral antibiotics given to your child at home. • encourage your child to drink fluids, especially if fever is present.

33. Prevention • There are vaccines to prevent infections by viruses or bacteria that cause some types of pneumonia. • Vaccines given against the pneumococcus organism (PCV), a common cause of bacterial pneumonia.

34. Duration • With treatment, most types of bacterial pneumonia can be cured within 1 to 2 weeks. • Viral pneumonia may last longer.

35. THE FLU

36. DEFINITION… • Known as influenza, is a contagious disease that is caused by the influenza virus. • It attacks the respiratory tract in humans (nose, throat and lungs).

37. How flu spreads? • From person to person in respiratory droplets of coughs and sneezes. • Infected by touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose. • Most healthy adults may be able to infect others beginning 1 day before symptoms develop and up to 5 days after becoming sick. You can pass on the flu to someone else before you know you are sick, as well as while you are sick.

38. Symptoms of flu • Fever (usually high) • Headache • Dry cough • Sore throat • Muscle ache • Runny or stuffy nose • Extreme tiredness

39. Complications of flu • Pneumonia • Dehydration • Congestive heart failure • Asthma • Diabetes • Ear infections • bronchitis

40. Preventing the flu… The single best way to prevent the flu is to get a flu vaccination each fall.

41. What should we do if children get the flu? • Do not give aspirin • Can cause serious illness called Reye syndrome • Get plenty of rest • Drinks lots of liquids • Take medicines that contain no aspirin to relieve symptoms

42. INHERITED DISEASES

45. What is eczema? • Refers to a number of different skin conditions in which the skin is red and irritated. • Common cause is atopic dermatitis. • “atopic” – conditions that occur when someone is overly sensitive to allergens in the environment (such as pollen and dust). • “dermatitis” means that the skin is inflamed or red and sore.

46. Kids who get eczema often have family members with hay fever, asthma or other allergies. • Scientists think that these children may be genetically predisposed to get eczema. • Passed on from parent through genes that make a child to get it. • About one out of every 10 kids develops eczema. • Symptoms appear within the first few month of life.

47. CAUSE… Allergic reaction to foods such as: • Cow’s milk (dairy products) • Egg whites • Sea food

48. What are the signs and symptoms? • Between 2 and 6 months of age • Develop itchy, dry, red skin and small bumps on their cheeks, forehead or scalp. • As children get older • The rash is usually less oozy and scalier.

49. HOW LONG DOES IT LAST? • May disappear altogether for months or even years. • Improve by the age of 5 or 6. • Improve at the onset of puberty hormones, stress and when skin products are introduce.

50. Is it contagious? • Not contagious