PHRASES: 1 . participial 2. gerund 3. infinitive 4. appositive

1. PHRASES:1. participial 2. gerund 3. infinitive 4. appositive English 1 Grammar Lesson

2. Phrase • a group of words that acts in a sentence as a single part of speech

3. Participial Phrases • First: What is a participle? • A participle is a verb form that can function as an adjective. • A moving van is parked on our street. (moving is an adjective for van) • The confused child was afraid. (confused is an adjective for child) • The broken window suggested frightening possibilities. (brokenis an adjective for window; frighteningis an adjective for possibilities)

4. Participial Phrase • Present Participles always end in –ing (moving) • Past Participles often end in –ed (striped), but some are irregularly formed (broken). • Many commonly used adjectives are actually participles.

5. Participial Phrase • A participial phrase contains a participle plus any complements and modifiers. • Participial phrases can be placed in various positions in a sentence. • They always act as adjectives. • The dog saw many ducks swimming in the lake. • Barking loudly, the dog approached the water. • The ducks, startled by the noise, rose and flew away quickly. • The sorely disappointed dog returned to the campsite.

6. Gerund Phrase • First: What is a gerund? • A gerund is a verb form that ends in –ing and is used in the same ways a noun is used. • Cooking is an enjoyable activity. • My younger sister likes swimming. • Tony gives baking his best effort.

7. Gerund Phrase • A gerund phrase contains a gerund plus any complements and modifiers. • Cross-country skiing is good exercise. • Billie Holiday’s soulful singing delighted many audiences.

8. Gerund Phrase • Although both a gerund and a present participle end in –ing, they function as different parts of speech. A gerund is used as a noun, whereas a present participle is used as part of a verb phrase or as an adjective. • Reading her new book, Isabella became sleepy. (Participle as an adjective) • Isabella was reading in the window seat. (participle in a verb phrase) • Reading is Isabella’s favorite pastime. (gerund)

9. Infinitive Phrase • First: What is an infinitive? • An infinitive is a verb form that is usually preceded by the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. • When you use to word to before the base form of a verb, to is not a preposition but part of the infinitive form of the verb. • To stand can be uncomfortable. (infinitive as subject) • Infants first learn to crawl. (infinitive as direct object) • They have the desire to win. (infinitive as adjective) • I was ready to leave. (infinitive as adverb)

10. Infinitive Phrase • An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive plus any complements and modifiers. • We stopped to look at the beautiful scenery. • To be a good friend is my goal. • Obedience school teaches dogs to behave well.

11. Appositive Phrase • First: What is an appositive? • An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that is placed next to another noun or pronoun to identify it or give additional information about it • My friend Ethan works at a bookstore after school. • The appositive Ethan identifies the noun friend.

12. Appositive Phrase • An appositive phrase is an appositive plus any words that modify the appositive • He is saving money to travel to Bogota, the capital of Colombia. • The appositive phrase, the capital of Colombia, identifies Bogota.

13. Appositive Phrase • Use commas to set off any appositive or appositive phrase that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. • Ethan’s friend Julie also works at the bookstore. • The appositive Julie is essential because Ethan has more than one friend. • Eric, Ethan’s twin brother, does not work. • The appositive phrase is not essential because Ethan has only one twin brother.