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The Civil Rights Movement

The Civil Rights Movement. Signs of Change. 1947 MLB desegregated 1948 Armed forces integrated But still segregated in southern facilities (Plessey) and by de facto in northern cities Blacks had become political force in northern dem party. Background. Blacks historically denied rights

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The Civil Rights Movement

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  1. The Civil Rights Movement

  2. Signs of Change • 1947 MLB desegregated • 1948 Armed forces integrated • But still segregated in southern facilities (Plessey) and by de facto in northern cities • Blacks had become political force in northern dem party

  3. Background • Blacks historically denied rights • Prosperity of the 1950’s passed them by • Between 1947-70 brings dramatic change • Cold War ideological battle fuels debate • Truman’s initiatives blocked

  4. Brown v Board of Education • Preceded by decision affecting higher ed • 1954 S.C. decision - segregation in schools is unconstitutional (14th Amendment) • Reversed Plessey v Ferguson (1896) • Thurgood Marshall – Attorney for NAACP • Warren: “separate schools are inherently unequal” & schools must desegregate with “all deliberate speed”

  5. Implementing Desegregation • Southern states close schools, • “Little Rock Nine” • Orville Faubus • Arkansas Nat Guard • Confrontation (1957) – Ike sends fed soldiers to escort black students into white high school in Arkansas

  6. Federal Troops Enforcing Desegregation

  7. Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) • Rosa Parks violates Alabama segregation law by sitting in white section of bus & is arrested • African Americans boycott buses citywide in protest • Baptist minister Martin Luther King becomes spokesman for boycott • ’56 – SC rules segregation of transportation unconstitutional

  8. Martin Luther King • Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) • nonviolent protest • civil disobedience • Oratory

  9. March on Washington ‘63 • MLK leads march • “I Have a Dream” • Turning point in civil rights movement • Civil Right Act passed next year

  10. Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee • SNCC • National Organization of Black College Students who Organized Sit-ins @ lunch-counters, pools, libraries, hotels • Greensboro, NC Woolworths ‘60

  11. Freedom Rides • 1961 • Black and White members of CORE organized a integrated bus ride through the south to test the Supreme Court ruling outlawing segregation on public transportation. • Met with violence in Alabama

  12. Malcolm X • Petty Criminal • Converts to Islam in prison • Militant Civil Rights Leader • Nation of Islam • Elijah Muhammad >> Org of Afro-American Unity • Black Nationalism • Assassinated in ‘65

  13. Kennedy on Civil Rights • Call to King’s Wife • The New Frontier – Included rebuilding blighted inner-cities (failed in Congress) • Consolidates support of African American electorate • Civil Rights Bill

  14. Lyndon Johnson on Civil Rights • Civil Rights Act of 1964 -Outlawed Discrimination • Voting Rights Act of 1965 – outlawed literacy tests

  15. James Meredith 1962

  16. Resistance to Change • KKK • King & X both assassinated • Birmingham Church Bombing • 4 girls killed

  17. Medgar Evers 1963

  18. Stokely Carmichael

  19. Selma March 1965

  20. George Wallace • Independence Party • Pro-Segregation Platform

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