Laboratory of Heat transfer and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

1. Laboratory of Heat transfer and Environmental Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Treatment options for biodegradable waste: Reducing BDW landfilling Apostolos Malamakis Dr Mechanical Engineer Workshop on recycling of waste 20-21 September 2011 - Tirana, Albania

2. The Eco Cycle Society

3. Textile materials Waste from kitchen, food courts etc. Paper and cardboard Market waste Waste from gardens & parks Wood Definition and strategies for biodegradable waste Any waste that is capable of undergoing anaerobic or aerobic decomposition MS shall develop national strategies for reduction of biodegradable waste using recycling, composting, biogas production and material/energy recovery

4. Overview • On average, the European citizen generated 10 % more waste in 2007 than in 1995 (Eurostat). On average the generation of waste is about 500 kg per capita ranging from 300 to 800 kg per capita (2007). • In 1995, 62 % of municipal waste was landfilled on average and in 2007 this had fallen to 42 %. • Thirteen countries had either no incineration or incinerated less than 10 % of their municipal waste in 2007. Eight EU‑15 Member States incinerated more than 20 % of municipal waste. • 22 % of municipal waste generated in 2007 has been recycled and 17 % composted (Eurostat, 2009). • Biodegradable municipal waste (bio-waste, paper and cardboard, and biodegradable textiles) make up a considerable share of municipal waste — approximately 60–70 % in most countries. • The generation of BMW has been relatively stable over the period 1995–2006 although its production varies between countries and regions (200-400 kg per capita).

5. Overview (up to 2007) Total MW: 300-800 kg/capita Total BMW: 200-400 kg/capita Recycling rate: 20-370 kg/capita Paper/cardboard: 10-140 kg/capita Bio-waste: 10-130 kg/capita Plastic: 1-50 kg/capita Glass: 5-45 kg/capita Metal: 2-25 kg/capita

6. Waste generation per country and for EU-27 in 2008 (kg/cap)

7. Projections - ETC/RWM 2007 (EU 25)

8. EU Waste Composition (2004)

9. EU MSW management (kg/cap)

10. Municipal waste treatment, 2008 (% of total municipal waste treated)

11. BMW: What happens to it?LANDFILL (2003)

12. BMW: What happens to it?INCINERATION (2003)

13. BMW: What happens to it?COMPOSTING (2003)

14. European Union Composting penetration Wide-spread separate collection and composting Implementation phase Initial phase Minimal activities

15. Lessons learned from Europe “good results countries” have: Regime of certainty: strong planning, landfill bans, strict regulation, municipal (co-)ownership reducing financial risks; Partnership between government levels: transparant responsibilities, thorough consultation, local implementation; Public trust: separate local waste taxes (transparency), strict adherence to EU requirements; Integrated approach across waste streams: integration of household and industrial waste leads to cost reductions.

16. Lessons learned from Europe “bad results countries” have: Lack of certainty which creates difficulties in securing key waste management infrastructure; Poor strategic planning capability with little cooperation between tiers of government; Weak local accountability and ownership of waste related issues so that issues are repeatedly deferred; Politically inconsistent messages and fiscal incentives which contradict the promotion of the waste hierarchy.

17. Measures for reducing landfilling of BMW Lasaridi et al. 2008

18. Lasaridi et al. 2008

19. Landfill tax in 13 EU countries (€/ton, 2004-2005)

20. Lasaridi et al. 2008

21. Technical aspects - Utilization paths for energy recovery [Kaltschmitt, M., Hartmann, 2001]

22. BDW management The Hellenic experience

23. Municipal Solid Waste generation (1960-2005)

24. MSW production and management – current situation

25. Landfills in Greece • 63 landfills in operation • Only in 3 landfills is performed biogas collection and energy recovery: • - Ano Liosia (23.5 MWe). • - Tagarades(5 MWe). • - Volos (1.3 MWe) … Tagarades Volos AnoLiosia

26. Landfill gas utilization Tagarades (Thessaloniki): 5 MWe Ano Liossia (Athens): 23,9 MWe

27. Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) Existing MBTs • AnoLiossia • Capacity: 1,500 t/d • DitikiEllada: Biodrying (is operating since 2009) • Irakleio: Biodrying (is operating since 2009) Ano Liossia MBT

28. Hellenic waste management – planned MBTs will be constructed

29. Waste derived fuels 1. MSW / residuals MRF and/or MBT 2. Refuse Derived Fuel(RDF): Consists of paper and plastic and it is produced mainly in MRFs and MBTs. 3. Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF): Consists of BMW (in a big proportion)and is needed biological treatment (biodrying process). • The three aforementioned fuels could incinerated without other supplementary fuel for energy recovery. • RDF and SRF could co-incinerated on other industries(cement plants, energy plants etc.).

30. Construction barriers of WtE plants in Greece(1/2) • Historical reasons. • Political reasons. • Dependence from the low gate fee of the sanitary landfills, without taking into consideration Life Cycle Costing approach. MBT at Ano Liossia (Skordilis, 2006)

31. Construction barriers of WtE plants in Greece(2/2) • Very sensitive and flexible market for RDF/SRF. • Authorisation, licensing, bureaucracy. • One new initiative. RDF at Ano Liossia (Skordilis, 2006)

32. A target in the … bin Simple/cheap means – huge impact: equip small and medium communities with separate collection bins Implement wide public awareness campaigns – without the people we cannot have results whatever the legislation imposes

33. Thank you for your attention!