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Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience

Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience. National Statistical Coordination Board. Presented by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion. Global Forum on Gender Statistics Rome, Italy 10-12 December 2007. Outline of Presentation. Introduction Women in Poverty

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Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience

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  1. Measuring Women in Poverty and Access to Resources – The Philippine Experience National Statistical Coordination Board Presented by Jessamyn O. Encarnacion Global Forum on Gender Statistics Rome, Italy 10-12 December 2007

  2. Outline of Presentation • Introduction • Women in Poverty • Women’s Access to Resources • Other NSCB Initiatives • Other Efforts of the PSS • Philippine Gross National Happiness Index(by sex)

  3. I. Introduction • From 2000 to 2003, women accounted for the second largest number of poor population (after the children) • Gender differential still remains as an issue in economic participation • Economic participation - 80% for men versus 50% for women in 2006 • Employment rate - 74% for men versus 46% for women in 2005 • Poses a challenge to the country in achieving Goal 3 of the MDGs!

  4. I. Introduction About the NSCB • The Philippine Statistical System is a decentralized statistical system • Many agencies of government generate statistics • NSO • Bureau of Agricultural Statistics • Bureau of Labor & Employment Statistics • BSP • DENR, DOT, DepED, CHED, DOH, DOST, etc. • Need for coordinating agency

  5. I. Introduction About the NSCB Executive Order 121 Reorganizing thePhilippine Statistical Systemand for Other Purposes • Issued on January 30, 1987 • Created the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) as the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country

  6. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Products • Compiles the National Accounts of the Philippines • Estimates GDP, GNP • Generates Official Poverty Statistics • Poverty Threshold • Poverty Incidence • Philippine Statistical Yearbook • Leading economic index, foreign direct investments, etc. • Satellite accounts for tourism, health, education • Other economic and social statistics

  7. I. Introduction About the NSCB Our Services • Coordination services • Inter-agency concerns • Survey review system • Designation of statistics • Subnational statistical system • Online statistical service • Technical services (including data requests and advocacy for statistical awareness) • Administers the NATIONAL STATISTICAL INFORMATION CENTER • http://www.nscb.gov.ph

  8. II. Women in Poverty Official Poverty Statistics • Until 2007, official poverty estimates compiled by the NSCB are disaggregated by geographical location • - National • - Regional • - Provincial • Still, one of the demands is poverty statistics at lower levels and sectoral disaggregation

  9. II. Women in Poverty • Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act (RA 8425) • Declared that the State should adopt an area-based sectoral and focused intervention to poverty alleviation • Defined the basic sectors as the disadvantaged sectors of Philippine society

  10. II. Women in Poverty 14 Basic Sectors • Farmer-peasant • Artisanal fisherfolk • Workers in the formal sector and migrant workers • WOMEN • Senior citizens • Youth and students • Children • Urban poor • Workers in the informal sectors • Indigenous peoples and cultural communities • Differently-abled persons • Victims of calamities and disasters • Cooperatives • Non-government organizations

  11. II. Women in Poverty Poverty statistics for the basic sectors • NSCB Resolution No. 11, Series of 2007, “Approving the Methodology for the Generation of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors” • As an off-shoot of the NSCB project funded by the UNDP on the “Development of Poverty Statistics for the Basic Sectors Project”

  12. II. Women in Poverty Data sources • 2000 and 2003 Family Income and Expenditures Survey (FIES) • 4th quarter 2000 and 2003 round of the Labor Force Survey (LFS) undertaken in January 2004 • 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) • 2000 and 2003 Philippine Poverty Statistics

  13. II. Women in Poverty

  14. II. Women in Poverty • Both FIES and LFS follow the Integrated Survey of Households (ISH) sampling scheme, making the estimation of poverty incidence straightforward. For example, the poverty incidence for women is: Number of poor women Poverty incidence women = ---------------------------------- Total number of women

  15. II. Women in Poverty • Distribution of the basic sectors

  16. II. Women in Poverty Poverty incidence among the eight sectors Poverty Incidence among the Population (Phils. 2003) – 30.0 Highlights: • The poverty incidence for all sectors decreased from 2000 to 2003. The Senior Citizens, Fishermen and Farmers sectors exhibited the largest decreases. • Three sectors were worse off than the country’s poverty incidence among the population of 30.0. These are the Children, Farmers and Fishermen sectors. • In terms of magnitude of poor population, the Children, Women and Urban Sectors are the largest.

  17. II. Women in Poverty Poverty incidence by sector and region, 2000 and 2003 Poverty Incidence among Women (Phils. 2003) – 29.0 Highlights: • Region VII exhibited the largest decrease in poverty incidence while Region IX showed the largest increase from 2000 to 2003. • CAR, ARMM, CARAGA, Regions I, IV-B, V, VI, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII were worse off than the national poverty incidence for the women sector. • In terms of magnitude of poor women population, Regions IV-A, V and VI are the largest.

  18. II. Women in Poverty • Summary of findings 1 / Excludes NCR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent) 2/ Excludes CAR in 2000 due to high CV (with CV > 50 percent)

  19. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Observed gender inequality in economic participation • Hence, men have greater economic “visibility” and higher contribution to the economy, more participation in making economic decisions, and more access to credit • Economic undercount of women thus puts them in a situation that can perpetuate, if not outright worsen the inequity between men and women • Need for information on women’s and men’s contribution to the economy

  20. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Efforts on the generation of satellite accounts: • a. “Measuring The Contribution of Women To The • Philippine Economy” by Romulo A. Virola and Sylvia M. de Perio (1998) • b. “ Women’s Contribution To The Economy” by Romulo • A. Virola (1999) • c. “Do Women Contribute Less Than Men to Nation Building” by Romulo A. Virola, Jessamyn O. Encarnacion, Armyl G. Zaguirre, Raymond S. Perez (2007)

  21. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Taking off from the methodology used by Virola and de Perio in 1998 • Using updated parameters from the results of the 2000 TUS. a/ Used in the 1998 study of Virola and de Perio b/ Used in this study c/ Details of the “original” were: 1) rescaled to add up to 24 hours (1 day); and 2) weighted using urban (for Quezon City) and rural (for Batangas) population as weights.

  22. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Unpaid work adds 66.2 percent to GDP!

  23. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Women’s share to GDP increased by 8 percentage points!

  24. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Women account for 59.6 percent of the total hours of unpaid work!

  25. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Women not in the labor force account for more than half of the total value of unpaid work of women!

  26. III. Women’s Access to Resources • Other findings of the study: • Women accounted for only 27.4 percent of the total Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA) • Women contributed 46.2 percent of the adjusted Gross National Product (GNP) from 38.0 percent when unpaid work was not included

  27. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives Core GAD Indicators Data Framework  contains the key macroeconomic impact indicators needed to monitor and assess the state of gender and development in the country  serves as reference for government and non-government organizations in the formulation of indicators for monitoring and assessment of outputs and impact of their GAD activities

  28. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives Core GAD Indicators Data Framework • the 20 core GAD indicators cover the PFA areas of concern: • education and training; • economy; • health; • poverty; • institutional mechanism; • media; • power and decision-making; • environment; • violence against women; • girl child; • armed conflict; and • human rights

  29. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives The Philippine Statistical Handbook on Women and Men • compilation of latest available statistics highlighting the differences between women and men • focuses on the situation of women relative to men in the ff areas: • Population and Families • Work • Economic Participation • Agriculture • Education • Health and Nutrition • Social Welfare 8. Public Life 9. Migration 10. Peace and Human Rights • Violence Against Women and Children • Environment • Millennium Development Goal

  30. IV. Other NSCB Initiatives Coordination mechanisms  creation of the Interagency Committee (IAC) on Gender Statistics to serve as a strategic mechanism to sustain the efforts and initiatives in the generation and improvement of gender statistics and institutionalize the implementation of the GAD

  31. V. Other Efforts of the PSS National Demographic and Health Survey • Conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) every five years • Designed to provide information on population, family planning, and health to assist policymakers and program managers in evaluating and designing strategies for improving health and family planning services in the country

  32. V. Other Efforts of the PSS Statistical Tables in the NDHS • Household population and housing characteristics • Characteristics of respondents and women’s status • Fertility • Family planning • Determinants of fertility • Fertility preferences • Infant and child Mortality • Maternal and child health • Infant feeding and supplementation • HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections • Tuberculosis • General health

  33. V. Other Efforts of the PSS Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS • Distribution of women employed in the twelve months preceding the survey receiving cash earnings by person who decides how earnings are to be used by marital status, educational attainment, age group • Distribution of women who say that they alone or jointly have the final say in specific decisions, by age group by number of living children • Distribution of women by person who has the final say in making specific decisions, according to current marital status and type of decision

  34. V. Other Efforts of the PSS Latest improvements in the 2003 NDHS • Percentage of women who agree that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife and percentage of women who believe that a wife is justified in refusing sex with her husband for specific reasons

  35. V. Other Efforts of the PSS Maternal and Child Health Survey • Presents data on prenatal and postpartum care, protection at birth against neonatal tetanus, breastfeeding, and immunization • conducted annually by the National Statistics Office (NSO) except when years when the NDHS is conducted • It involved interviewing all female members aged 15 to 49 years in the sample households in the Labor Force Survey (LFS), who have surviving children below three years of age

  36. V. Other Efforts of the PSS Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Survey • provides information on dating, marriage, and the onset of sexual activity in the Philippines • conducted by the University of the Philippines Population Institute

  37. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression Measuring Progress of Philippine Society: Gross National Product or Gross National Happiness by Romulo A. Virola and Jessamyn O. Encarnacion Presented during the 10th National Convention on Statistics EDSA Shangri-la Plaza Hotel, Mandaluyong City, Philippines 1-2 October 2007

  38. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression • WHY DO WE WORK? • WOULD WE RATHER BE RICH OR WOULD WE RATHER BE HAPPY? • WHAT DO WE REALLY WANT IN LIFE? • HOW DO WE MEASURE PROGRESS? • SHOULD MEASURES OF NATIONAL PROGRESS CAPTURE OUR OWN “PERSONAL” PROGRESS?

  39. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression Phil. Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI) Philippine Gross National Happiness Index (PGNHI) Philippine Happiness Index (PHI) Philippine Economic Index (PEI)

  40. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression Community participation & volunteer work 1. Conceptual Framework Religion and spiritual work Cultural activities Sex life HI1 Education Technological know-how HI2 Family Work Friends Philippine Happiness Index Economy Health Environment Income and financial security Government HI n Leisure and sports Politics Note: From 14 (during the pilot) to 17 domains Others Love life

  41. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression • Pilot survey ( nonrandom) • Private company employees • Government office employees • Participants in the National Convention on Statistics • Students in a private university • Participants in the 48th ASP Convention

  42. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·RESPONDENTS FIND FAMILY, HEALTH AND RELIGION AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS OF HAPPINESS, POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

  43. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index • RESPONDENTS ARE HAPPIEST WITH FAMILY, FRIENDS, RELIGION, AND LOVE LIFE; LEAST HAPPY WITH POLITICS, GOVERNMENT, AND ECONOMY! • LOVE IS AN IMPORTANT DIMENSION FOR PINOYS!

  44. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·RESPONDENTS FIND INCOME VERY IMPORTANT BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS LOW!

  45. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·RESPONDENTS FIND SEX LIFE NOT IMPORTANT – BUT HAPPINESS DERIVED FROM IT IS HIGH!

  46. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·BOTH MEN AND WOMEN FIND FAMILY AND FRIENDS AS MOST IMPORTANT DOMAINS AND SOURCES OF HAPPINESS, ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMY, GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS AS THE LEAST!

  47. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·WOMEN FIND LOVE IMPORTANT BUT NOT SEX WHILE MEN FIND BOTH LOVE & SEX IMPORTANT - THERE IS A MISMATCH !

  48. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index ·WOMEN ARE HAPPIER WITH SEX THAN MEN!

  49. VI. Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Digression The Philippine Gross National Happiness Index Based on a single question, WOMEN ARE HAPPIER THAN MEN! women – 75.73 % men – 63.11 % Deriving index from all domains of happiness, MEN ARE JUST AS HAPPY AS WOMEN! women – 67.07 % men – 67.45 %

  50. Thank you! visit: www. nscb.gov.ph email: jo.encarnacion@nscb.gov.ph info@nscb.gov.ph

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