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Chapter 14/15 Binomial Distribution. Properties Two possible outcomes (success and failure) A fixed number of experiments (trials) The probability of success, denoted by p, is the same on every trial The trials are independent
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Chapter 14/15 Binomial Distribution Properties • Two possible outcomes (success and failure) • A fixed number of experiments (trials) • The probability of success, denoted by p, is the same on every trial • The trials are independent • Example: Suppose 75% of all drivers wear their seatbelts. Find the probability that four drivers might be belted among five cars waiting traffic light?
Chapter 14/15 Binomial Distribution • We look for the number of k successes in n trial. Here k is less than or equal to n. • Let X = number of successes in n trials. • P(X=x) = C(n,x)*p^x*q^{n-x} • Here p = probability of success, q = 1-p = probability of failure.
Chapter 14/15 Binomial Distribution • Example: Suppose 20 people come to the blood drive. What is the probability that there are 2 or 3 universal donors? Solution: • P(X=2) = C(20,2)(.06)^{2}(.94)^{18}= 0.2246 • P(X=3) = C(20,3)(.06)^{3}(.94)^{17}= 0.0860 • Answer: 0.3106
Chapter 14/15 Binomial Distribution • To compute the C(n,x) number from the TI-83 do the following • 1. Type your number • 2. Press MATH • 3. Select Prob • 4. Press nCr • 5. Type your second number
Examples 2. A certain tennis player makes a successful first serve 70% of the time. Assume that each serve is independent of the others. If she serves 6 times, what’s the probability she gets • all 6 serves in • exactly 4 serves in? • at least four serves in? • no more than 4 serves in?
Examples 2 binomial model: p = 0.7, q = .3, n = 6 • C(6,6)*.7^6*.3^0 = 0.118 • C(6,4)*.7^4*.3^2 = 15*.7^4*.3^2 = .324 • C(6,4)*.7^4*.3^2 = 0.324 C(6,5)*.7^5*.3^1 = 0.303 C(6,6)*.7^6*.3^0 = 0.118 Answer: 0.745 d) 1 – (.303+.118) = .575
Example A statistics test contains 5 multiple choice questions, each of which has four choices. Suppose a student guesses the answer to each question. Find the probability distribution of X, the number of questions the student answers correctly.
Concluding Remarks on 1. Binomial as an Approximation to Hypergeometric Distribution Example: A city has 1000 residents of whom 450 are male. 200 are to be selected at random without replacement. Clearly this is a hypergeometric distribution problem with parameters: N = 1000, n = 450, M = 200.
Binomial Approximation of Hypergeometric Distribution • Compute the probabilities for the following values of m: • m = 90, 91, 92, …, 110.
Example: A city has 10 residents of whom 4 are male. 5 are to be selected at random without replacement. This is a hypergeometric distribution problem with parameters: N = 10, n = 4, M = 5. Compare the hypergeometirc and binomial distributions.
Concluding Remarks 2. How much variation is typical? Example: Blood is drawn and a blood count is performed by measuring two things: • # of white blood cells • proportion of the different types of white blood cells. These measurements are compared to typical measurements to determine whether there is cause for concern.
Concluding Remarks Example (neutrophil) Suppose that the typical proportion of\ neutrophils is 0.6. In a blood count it was found that 45 out of 100 white blood cells were neutrophils. Is there enough evidence to be concerned? In other words the number 45 typical or not?
Concluding Remarks We can model this by the binomial distribution. Let X = # of neutrophils in 100 white blood cells drawn from a person whose proportion of neutrophils is normal (i.e. 0.6). We would like to study the probabilty distribution
Concluding Remarks Question: Is it surprising to find a blood count different from 60? Let us find the likelihood of getting 60 neutrophils in a 100 blood count (if we assume that the proportion of neutrophils in a normal person is 0.6)
Concluding Remarks • This can be modeled by the binomila distribution. P( X = 60) = C(100,60)(.6^60)*(.4^(40) =0.081 • Hence it is not surprising to find number neutrophils to be other than 60 • How surprising is it to find 45 neutrophils?
Concluding Remarks • Better question will be: How likel is it to find the number of neutrophils to be less than 45? • We compute P(X <= 45) = .0017. • Hence it is very unlikely that this happens under normal situations. The differnece between 60 and 45 is probably significant! • Cause to be concerned is probably justified!
Concluding Remarks • When we compute P(X < = m), we are finding what is called “a cumulative distribution function”. • Example: Let X be binomial with parameters n = 5 and p = 0.4. Find the cumulative distribution function of X. • Note: m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
Concluding Remarks 3. Is selection random? (Historical case: Discrimination against Mexican-Americans-Read the course pack (page 102) Problem Suppose in a county (Hidalgo County, TX) 79.1% of the population is of Hispanic origin. From 1962-1972, 870 were summoned to serve on a grand jury. Of these 339 had Spanish surnames. How likely is this if the jury selection was random?
Concluding Remarks • Let X = # of Hispanics who served on a grand jury. • Compute P(X < = 339) n = 870, p = .791, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 339. P(X < = 339) = 4.18*10^(-148) ~ 0. This will be the probability if the jury selection was random. Exremely unlikely!
