1 / 93

Ch. 22- Organic Reactions and Biochemistry

Ch. 22- Organic Reactions and Biochemistry. Saponification. Process of making soap Soap is the metallic salt of a fatty acid Reaction: fat + base -> soap + glycerol. Reaction. How soap works:. End of soap molecule w/ a charge (Na ion) is polar and soluble in water

gamba
Download Presentation

Ch. 22- Organic Reactions and Biochemistry

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Ch. 22- Organic Reactions and Biochemistry

  2. Saponification • Process of making soap • Soap is the metallic salt of a fatty acid • Reaction: fat + base -> soap + glycerol

  3. Reaction

  4. How soap works: • End of soap molecule w/ a charge (Na ion) is polar and soluble in water • Other end (CH3- (CH2)etc) is non-polar and soluble in oil and fat • Water= polar, dirt/oil = non polar • When using soap, dirt/oil attach to non-polar end of the soap and the polar end of the soap attaches to the water, forms a micelle

  5. Micelle (soap bubble) Soap Water Dirt

  6. Soap molecule Hydrophyllic end (polar) Hydrophobic end -likes water -non-polar -likes dirt/oil

  7. Hard water • Hard water has ions in it (Mg, Ca, Fe) • Will form an insoluble precipitate with soap and water • Makes soap ineffective =soap scum

  8. Quality of Soap • Depends: • on the oils and fats you use • On the amount of stirring • The temperature

  9. Hardness • Related to the degree of saturation • Saturated fats= harder soaps • Unsaturated fats= softer soaps • Liquid soaps = soap w/ lots of water

  10. Detergent • Formed from coal and petroleum • Ability not diminished in hard water • Have a benzene-sulfonic acid anion instead of carboxylic acid SO3

  11. BreadmakingHistory • 6000-5000 BC • Start of bread making/brewing in Egypt • 5000-4000 BC • Bread ovens found in Babylon • 500-200 BC • Commercial breadmakers in Greece/Rome • 100 AD • Rome flour quality standardization • Sandwich – John Montague (Earl of Sandwich)

  12. Bread Making: Components of Bread • Flour- from the wheat berry, is a complex carbohydrate, made of starch and protein, amylase enzyme breaks it down Wheat Berry Endosperm (protein/starch) white flour Bran shell Germ

  13. Protein -keeps gas bubbles in bread • like spring, kneading organizes it • Overkneading breaks chains

  14. Gas • Yeast -sugar + yeast  ferment (form CO2 (trapped)) (form alcohol-evaporate-brown edges) -yeast die at 130 º F

  15. Chemical Agents • Baking soda and acid NaHCO3 + vinegar, cream of tarter, buttermilk  CO2 + water + salt • Baking powder -has baking soda and acid salt (calcium phosphate and NaAl(SO4)2 ) all in one -produces CO2, when mixed with water

  16. C. Steam -pita, cream puffs, eclairs - take dough w/out yeast, put in very hot oven, seals outside, moisture inside forms gas pocket, leaves pocket of air when removed

  17. PolymersSilly Putty Video

  18. Definition • Gigantic molecules • Mer= unit • Monomer = 1 unit • Polymer = many units hooked together, covalently

  19. Polymerization • Joining together of molecules that contain double or triple bonds

  20. Cross-linking • Bridges formed between chains, gives polymer new properties -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C- -C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

  21. Addition Polymerization • Monomer adds to monomer • Get chains 1000’s carbons long • Ex. Teflon, PVC, polyethylene

  22. + 

  23. Condensation Polymerization • Reaction in which you get water and the polymer as products • Types: nylon, polyester, cellophane, rayon

  24. Types of Polymers • Thermoplastic • -can be melted and re-melted • -soften when heated, can be reshaped and hardens when cooled (long chains lock into place) • Recyclable • -ex. PVC, nylon, lucite, polystyrene

  25. Polystyrene

  26. Thermosetting • Permanently hardened • Not reversible (once set-they are set) • Intense heating causing charring (black) • Molded into final shape • Shape by filing or machining • Ex. Bakelite (pot handles, electrical insulation, jewelry)

  27. Bakelite

  28. Elastomers -polymers with high degree of elasticity -have folded polymer chains, like spring -energy is needed to stretch out -Ex. Rubber- made by vulcanization (rubber w/ sulfur) , by Charles Goodyear (1837), tires

  29. PETEPolyethylene TerephthalateProduct examples:bottles for soft drink, soy sauce,and cooking oil

  30. HDPEHigh Density Polyethylene-have long chains w/ few side chains (less than 1 per 100 carbons) Product examples:pails; milk jugs, containers for liquiddetergent and fruit juice

  31. VPolyvinyl Chloride (PVC)Product examples:pipes; bottles for shampooand mineral waterMonomer: vinyl chloride CH2=CHCl

  32. LDPELow Density Polyethylene-have lots of side chains (take up a lot of space) Product examples:shopping bags; housewares, bread bags

  33. PPPolypropyleneProduct examples:household storage containers, yogurt, butter tubs

  34. PSPolystyreneProduct examples:foam products likedrinking cup and food tray, plastic forks Monomer: styrene C=CH2

  35. OTHEROther type of less commonly used plasticsProduct examples:bottles for ketchup and syrup Ex. Polyester, polytetrafluroethylene (teflon)

  36. History of Polymers 1811 – Gay Lussac found cellulose (cotton) and starch have similar chemical structure 1840- Goodyear vulcanized rubber (tires now have 20 different polymers)

  37. 1887 – Rayon invented (Chardonnet made from wood cellulose and nitric acid) Early 1900’s – found proteins were polymers 1907 – Bakelite invented (Leo Baekeland-1st synthetic polymer of practical importance)

  38. 1935- Nylon invented -invention made it clear that macromolecules could be made in an infinite variety of structures by organic chemistry (found an ever-expanding number of uses for these molecules)

  39. History of Nylon • DuPont Co. founded to make gunpowder, diversified after WW1, went into silk manufacturing, hired chemist from Harvard to replicate silk process • Wallace Carothers (working w/ Elmer Kraemer (UW-Madison) worked unsuccessfully for 2 years

  40. DuPont convinced him not to go back to Harvard • Discovered adipic acid, mixed it with hexamethylenediamine- in a step-growth condensation reaction • Didn’t realize that he had made nylon-killed self (depressed)

  41. Another worker stretched the compound, found it orients the molecules so they increase in strength and elasticity • 1939- premiered at Worlds Fair • 1940- nylon stocking • 1946- came back on market after WWII • Other forms: velcro, neoprene

  42. Nylon Reaction

  43. Nylon movie

  44. Other Organic Reactions

  45. Oxidation Reaction • Adding oxygen to organic compounds produces CO2 + water + energy • More saturated a hydrocarbon, more energy • Oxidation = the reaction takes place through a series of steps (at any step in the sequence unwanted by-products could be formed –like carbon soot or CO.)

  46. Important reaction for: energy production in living systems, combustion of hydrocarbons for heating • Balancing: balance carbons first, then hydrogens, then oxygens. If it doesn’t balance: start over, double the hydrocarbon

  47. Balance: ___ CH3CH2CH2OH + __ O2 __CO2 + ___H2O

  48. _2_ CH3CH2CH2OH + _9_ O2 _6_CO2 + _8__H2O

More Related