Origins of the Cold War

1. Origins of the Cold War The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from World War II as the two “superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems.

2. Why was it called the “COLD” War? • When WWII ended in 1945, the US and Soviet Union were the #1 and #2 leading industrial powers in the world. • Because of nuclear weapons, the superpowers never actually confronted each other in open warfare. • Their global competition to be most powerful led to frequent other conflicts.

3. Competing Ideologies: Communism

4. Competing Ideologies: Democracy

5. Communist or Capitalist? • With a partner, you will read a description of an individual • When you think you know if the person is a communist or capitalist, please hold up the appropriate flag.

6. Communist or Capitalist? • John works at JC Penny • He earns $7.00 an hour • He pays taxes on what he earns • He is part of the “retail workers union” • He is quite outspoken of his dislike for the current leader of his nation.

8. Communist or Capitalist? • Sarah is attends 5th grade at an elementary school • Every morning she pledges allegiance to her nation • Her parents work on a farm that is owned by the government • Her father was arrested for saying negative things about the government.

10. Communist or Capitalist? • Frank works at McDonalds • He earns $7.00 an hour • His job is protected because of his labor union • Both the McDonalds and the Labor Union are owned by the government

11. Communist or Capitalist? • Frank works at McDonalds • He earns $7.00 an hour • His job is protected because of his labor union • Both the McDonalds and the Labor Union are owned by the government • He cannot change jobs, even if he doesn’t like his job.

13. Communist or Capitalist? • Ethel was a sick little girl • Her family was very poor and could not afford doctors • As a result, she continued to walk with a limp for the rest of her life • Erma was a sick little girl • Her family was very poor, but the government provides doctors in her country • The doctors did not do a very good job addressing her sickness • She walked the rest of her life with a limp

14. Cold War and Containment Title Page 61: Cold War and Containment Notes

15. The Truman administration wanted strong, stable democracies in Europe to prevent totalitarianism and to provide a market to sell U.S. products Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wanted control of Eastern Europe to protect against other invasions from the west and to rebuild the Soviet Union’s own war-damaged economy. Conflicting Visions on the Future of Europe The Future of Europe: US Vision The Future of Europe: Soviet Vision

16. How it started… • Stalin set up Communist governments in Eastern Europe called satellite nations (they were controlled by the Soviet Union) • The US refused to share the secrets behind the atomic bomb (guess what- the Soviets figure it out anyway!) • The Soviets keep troops in Eastern Europe. • Trade and contactbetween Eastern and Western Europe STOPS.

17. The Iron Curtain “from Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent.” - Winston Churchill What did Churchill mean by the phrase “iron curtain”? Answer on your paper.

18. America’s Response? • Policy of containment: • Prevent the spread of communism • America was not going to attempt to overturn Communism where it already existed, just prevent it from spreading further.

19. Truman Doctrine: • Was an attempt to provide MILITARY help to countries fighting communism. • Truman Doctrine-the US could send military and economic aid to any country trying to prevent a Communist takeover. • Truman didn’t want to make the same mistake that had been made with Hitler

20. Marshall Plan: • Problems in Europe after WWII • Famine • Cities were destroyed • People were desperate • Solution? The Marshall Plan! • Europe needs to rebuild; America wants them to be capitalist • Marshall Plan- America would give money to nations that cooperated with U.S. economic goals • Results: • Europe recovered from war faster • Western Europe adopted capitalist policies • America’s economy improved too

21. A Divided Germany • After WWII, Germany was split in two parts– West Germany and East Germany • East Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union • West Germany was controlled by Britain, France, and America

22. Whoa…What about Berlin??? • The city of Berlin, although located in the Soviet half, was also divided – • East Berlin occupied by Soviets. • West Berlin occupied by Allied interests and

23. In June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic to and from the city of West Berlin. Starving out the population and cutting off their business was their method of gaining control.

24. Berlin Airlift • For 327 days the US airlifted needed food and supplies into the city of West Berlin. • May 12, 1949, the Soviet government yielded and lifted the blockade.

25. The Wall • In 1961, the Soviet Union put up a complete blockade (wall) around West Berlin. • The Berlin Wall would come to represent the oppression of all people living under communist rule. It separated families, communities, and nations until it was finally torn down in 1989.

26. “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted conquest by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.” President Harry Truman • Do you believe that the United States should have offered aid to all nations facing such threats? • Applying this idea to today…Do you think America should extend this promise to offer aid to countries facing terrorist threats? Why or why not?

27. Interactive Notebook Activity: Venn Diagram United States Soviet Union Include 5 differences in each circle and 3 similarities in center.

28. February 25, 2013 • Get out your notebook: Title page 62 “The Cold War Heats Up”

29. EOC Review • Meat Inspection Act • Secret Ballot • 17th Amendment • National Park Service • Initiative, Recall, and Referendum 1) The above items would most likely be referred to in an essay written about- a) U.S. foreign policy b) environmental conservation c) Progressive Era reform d) civil rights legislation

30. The Cold War Heats UpChapter 18 Section 2 After World War II, China became a Communist nation and Korea was split into a Communist North and a democratic South

31. Warm Up Suppose you enter the school cafeteria and see two students fighting. One of them is a classmate who is recovering from a sports injury. The other student, a friend you no longer trust, is much larger. In fact, you think your friend has become a bully. How might you react in this situation? Option 1: Don’t get involved. Walk away. Option 2: Get a couple of friends to work with you to help the students resolve their conflict. Option 3: Jump in and defend your classmate against your friend. Option 4: Attack your friend to show that you don’t tolerate that kind of behavior. Which option would you choose? Explain your reasoning.

32. Attempts to Keep the Peace • Tensions between the US and Soviet Union continued to increased. • The United Nations had been formed after WWII. The goal of the UN was to provide world peace, security, and to promote economic development. • Unfortunately, the UN was the able to negotiate peace between the two nations.

33. NATO • The US, Canada, and ten Western European countries decided to protect each other by creating NATO. • North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): • U.S. defensive military alliance with its European allies • The members of NATO pledged that an attack on one country was an attack on all.

34. Warsaw Pact • The Soviet Union responded to the creation of NATO by creating their own defense alliance, The Warsaw Pact. • Warsaw Pact-a military defense alliance between the Soviet Union and it’s satellite nations in Eastern Europe. • Ultimately, NATO and the Warsaw Pact just gave the nations more reasons to hate each other.

35. China Enters a Civil War US supports Chiang Kai- Shek. • After defeating the Japanese in World War II, the U.S. supported Chinese Nationalist Army led by Chiang Kai-shek. • Chiang fought the Communists led by Mao Zedong. • Mao won the civil war in 1948. • Chiang and his followers fled to Taiwan, an island off China’s southeast coast. • China becomes a Communist state Mao Zedong

36. The Korean War • At the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into two separate counties: • The Communist North Korea and the Non-Communist South Korea. • When the North Korean army invaded South Korea in 1950 to unify the country, the United States called on the members of the United Nations to help.

37. U.S. Fights in Korea • Under the command of General Douglas MacArthur, troops from 21 UN countries-about 90 percent of them American-fought with the South Korean army. • Although the fighting remained fierce neither side gained much ground

38. Truman Fires MacArthur • MacArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons to invade China, but Truman opposed the expansion of the war. • When MacArthur continued to argue for his plan in the press, Truman fired him as commander.

39. The Stalemate • Finally after three years, the war ended in a stalemate with North and South Korea agreeing on the 38th parallel as the border dividing them.

40. The Cold War at HomeChapter 18 Section 3 During the late 1940s and early 1950s, fear of Communism led to reckless charges against innocent citizens.

41. The men and women who served in the CIA during the Cold War developed a special language. Match each term used by CIA agents with its description. Warm Up • A brief meeting in which something is passed between two agents. • When an agent’s identity is no longer a secret. • Someone who has penetrated an enemy intelligence organization. • The complete cover story for an agent. • An operative who is sent to test border controls before an agent infiltrates them. • The ultimate spying methods; developed for use in hostile environments. • A secret location where materials can be left for someone else to retrieve them. • Methods used to make the openings of envelopes undetectable. • When an operation goes bad and an agent is arrested. • An artist who is trained to forge documents, passports, money and the like.

42. Cold War Conflicts at Home Space Race Arms Race

43. Cold War Conflicts:THE SPACE RACE • After WWII ended, the two superpowers began their own missile programs (inspired by the Nazi German progress on rockets). • The US and Soviet Union entered a new age of space exploration called the “Space Race” • Each nation feared the other would develop more dangerous technology. • Emphasis was placed on Science and Math in education.

44. Sputnik I • The Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I, the world's first artificial satellite. • America, shocked at being beaten, raced to catch up to the Soviets. • Americans launched their first satellite a year later

45. Everyday Inventions brought to you by the Space Race • Solar panels • Invisiline braces • Scratch-resistant glasses • Memory foam mattresses • Gel shoe insoles • Cordless vacuums • Satellites • Ear thermometers • Freeze-dried food • Artificial limbs • NOT Velcro, cordless powertools, or Tang (those are all myths)

46. COLD WAR CONFLICTS:The Arms Race • The Arms Race was an aspect of the Cold War, in which the United States and the Soviet Union competed to have greater military force than the other. • America believed that if Russia were to have more nuclear warheads than the US that they would be less afraid to use them, and so the US should strive to maintain, at minimum, nuclear equality with Russia. Also, nuclear rivalry led to the invention of a long line of increasingly deadlier weapons.

47. H-Bomb • Truman felt the United States had no alternative but to proceed with research and development of all forms of atomic weapons, including the hydrogen bomb. • Hydrogen bombs can be 1000 times more powerful than atomic bombs

48. Duck and Cover! • Americans were told, a nuclear attack could come at any time without warning. • Americans were told that immediately after they saw a flash, they had to stop what they were doing and get on the ground under some cover – such as a table, or at least next to a wall – and assume fetal position, lying face down and covering their heads with their hands.

49. Fallout Shelters • Fearing imminent nuclear war, many Americans also prepared bomb shelters, or fall out shelters in their homes. • Using basements, cellars, or premade shelters dug into the ground, Americans placed several weeks worth of supplies in their shelters and practiced air raid drills to be prepared in case of nuclear attack.