War and Peace Chapter 5

1. War and Peace Chapter 5 How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada

2. Superpower • A country that is _________________________ ________________________________________. • Superpowers dominate ___________________. • Today the ______________ is a Super Power • In the 1700’s ________ and ________ were rival superpowers

3. France and England AT WAR! • France and England were often in war. They both wanted the same thing…more territories and power. • The Seven Years War

4. Perspectives on War • Halifax Merchant “If our navy can defeat the French, we will have a much larger market for our goods. Should I be planning to set up a business in Quebec City?”

5. Perspectives on War • Canadien Habitant • “If the English come here, will we be forced to give up our livelihoods, homes, rights, language, and religion?”

6. Perspectives on War • Mi’kmaq woman • “We have lived peacefully with the Acadians. The British have been our enemy since they raided to enslave us. If the British come, will they take our land?”

7. Mohawk trapper “We have a strong alliance with the French. Will we have to defend them in this war? What is war going to mean for the fur trade?” Perspectives on War

8. Acadian Farmer “Why can’t both sides just leave us in peace? Why do we have to choose to support one side or the other?” Perspectives on War

9. Background to War • Seven Years war 1756 • Almost a _______________ (Europe, India, Caribbean, Africa)

10. Established in North America Huge colony The heart of New France was ________ These colonists saw themselves as _________ not Europeans Felt Secure with ________ and __________ The French Perspective

11. Canadiens? • Canadiens: _____________________________. • Francaphone: ______________________________.

12. _________ colonists outnumbered French colonists Most lived in _______ ________ Wanted to move into __________________ Wanted control of __________ fisheries Wanted ___________ Navy was _________ The English Perspective

13. Strengths Eg Mi’qmac,Mohawks, Wendat, Algonquin Weaknesses French

14. Strengths Weaknesses English

15. War Rumblings in the West • War started out in ___________ led by a Major George Washington. He lost a battle but later the English would send in more forces. • French knew ________ -style warfare • British were determined to rid North Americans of the _________. They sent more __________, __________ and ___________.

16. The Acadians were the descendants of the ________ and farmed the shores of the Bay of _________. By 1710 Acadia was under ___________ control. Britain changed the name to _____________and let the Acadians live in Peace. Prelude to WarThe Acadians

17. 1750: 10 000 Acadians farmed. Many married and mixed with the Mi’qmaq. Most were Catholic and French speaking. They fished and farmed. Caught in the Middle Britain wanted to populate Nova Scotia with _______ settlers. They were worried the Acadians would side with the French in war even if they swore neutrality to the British Crown. Acadian Way of Life

18. English Ultimatum “Acadians….you must swear your loyalty to the English Crown! Swear your loyalty or lose your land!” British General “ We do not want war. We wish to remain neutral and in peace!” Acadian Farmer

19. The Great Deportation • The Governor of Nova Scotia (Lawrence) “The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible.” British soldiers attacked the Acadian villages and rounded them up at gunpoint. They broke up families and forced them to board ships bound for distant lands. They burned homes and churches. They destroyed farms and drove off animals. Most Acadians were deported to New England colonies. Some sent to the caribbean, France or England. Many made it to Louisiana. Most died of disease, drowning or starvation.

22. Quote from Colonel John WinslowBritish Army Office during the Deportation “The whole of French people were drawn together in a group. I then ordered Captain Adams to lead away the young men to the ships. I ordered the prisoners to march. They all answered they would not go without their fathers. I told them no was a word I didn’t understand. The King’s command had to be obeyed. I told them to use harsh means, but there was no time for talking and delay. I ordered the troops to fix their bayonets and march toward the french. Then started praying, singing and crying. Along the way the women and children were on their knees begging and crying!”

24. The Struggle for Canada • Three pronged approach • ____________ • ____________ • ____________

25. Louisbourg Spring 1758 • _____________ surrounded fort • _____________ • French ______________

27. French General ________ ________ soldiers ________ fortress English General ________ _____ ships _______ soldiers _______ sailors Onward to CanadaWithout LouisbourgEnglish could attack Quebec

29. Standoff on the Plains of Abraham • French and British bombed each other for ____ weeks. • ____________ came up with plan: __________________________________________________________

31. The Battle At the fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers, including 300 Indian allies. The British had 4400 professional soldiers. Reinforcements hadn’t arrived to help the French. Montcalm had to decide: wait or fight. He fought and emerged. After 15 minutes of slaughter the French turned and fled. 1300 soldiers were dead and it was the bloodiest battle on Canadian soil.

32. French lose Quebec! • British took over ___________ • Remaining French Soldiers fell back to ________ • First Nation allies didn’t want to ___________. • Sept 1760 French ______________ in Montreal. • New France was now _____________ territory.

33. First Nations deeply involved France and Britain signed a treaty in 1763 and gave North America to Britain. Minewewh was a chief to the Ojibwa people. He told the British. “Although you have conquered the French, you have not conquered us. We are not your slaves. These lakes, woods, mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none.” First Nations and the War

34. Pontiac’s War • Odawa chief • Attacked British to get them out of Ohio Valley • 1763 attacked Detroit • Wanted French to help but already surrendered

38. The Treaty of Paris, ______ • Surrender of Montreal __________ • Ended _________ • France gave up __________ • Kept Guadeloupe in the ____________ and the French Islands of ___________ and ____________

39. Options __________: Deport the Canadiens __________: Pressure the Canadiens to give up language and religion and become British __________: Leave them alone with their religion, language, customs

40. They did not want to evict Canadiens, however they did want to assimilate them. 1763 King George the III of England signed Royal Proclamation. Royal Proclamation

41. Terms of Royal Proclamation • New France turns into province of Quebec. • Quebec became smaller. • The interior was set aside for First Nations. • A system of British laws and courts replaced French system. • Civil government replaced with military government. • Government appointed by Britain. • Catholic Church loses tithe (tax)

43. Royal ProclamationA Quote from King George III “There has been many frauds and abuses by taking lands away from the Indians. Many have been prejudice for our own interests and the Indians are not happy. In order therefore to prevent any injustices in the future that no one buy anymore lands from the Indians.” HOW DOES KING GEORGE III ENGAGE IN ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP? WHAT REASONS DOES THE KING GIVE FOR PROTECTING FIRST NATIONS LANDS?

44. Quebec Act of _______ Attempts to turn Quebec into a colony with British identity fails. So they come up with the Quebec Act. Terms of the Act: • Quebec was _____________ • Many Native lands went back to ___________ • French ______________ rights recognized • _____________ system kept in place • _____________ given freedom of religion • _________ civil law • Catholic church was able to ________ and hold __________

46. The Beginning of a Bilingual Canada The Quebec Act expanded the size of the colony to include the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. This was prime fur trading country. What might the colonists in the Thirteen Colonies think about this?