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lJ7FG VG[ 8[SGM,MHL WMZ6!_

lJ7FG VG[ 8[SGM,MHL WMZ6!_. 5|SZ6 !. G[GM 8[SGM,MHL. AU0F EZT S[P zL ALPALPV[DP CF.:S}, lAN0F. G[GM8[SGM,MHLs nanotechnology fo.

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lJ7FG VG[ 8[SGM,MHL WMZ6!_

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  1. lJ7FG VG[ 8[SGM,MHL WMZ6!_ 5|SZ6 ! G[GM 8[SGM,MHL AU0F EZT S[P zL ALPALPV[DP CF.:S}, lAN0F

  2. G[GM8[SGM,MHLsnanotechnologyfo • V6]VM VG[ 5ZDF6]VMGL 5]GoZRGF SZLG[ T[GL UM9J6DF\ O[ZOFZ SZLG[ GJF A\WFZ6M WZFJTF 5NFYM"G]\ lGDF"6 SZJ]\ VG[ T[GL DNNYL GJF p5SZ6M VG[ VJGJL DFGJHFTG[ ;],E AGFJ[ T[JL 5wWlTVMG]\ lGDF"6 V[8,[ G[GM8[SGM,MHLP • G[GM V[ U|LS EFQFFGM ;aN K[4 T[GM VY" YFI K[ JFD6]\4 9L\U]HLPPP • T[GM UFl6lTS VY" V[S DL8ZGM !_________DM EFUP V[8,[ S[ • T[ V[S V[J] lJ7FG K[P S[ H[DF E[MlTSlJ7FG4 HLJlJ7FG4 Z;FI6 lJ7FG4 lDS[lGS, VG[ .,[S8=MlGS V[lgHlGIZL\U lJ7FG JU[Z[ G[ VFJZL ,[ K[P 8]\SDF\ lJ7FG GF l;‚F\TM4 ZC:IM VG[ 8[SlGSM J0[ VJGJF 5NFYM" 4 ;FWGM S[ p5SZ6M AGFJLG[ DFGJLGL ;D’l‚ VG[ ;]BFSFZL JWFZJL VG[ DFGJHLJGG[ ptS’Q8 VG[ pgGT AGFJJFGL lS|IF V[8,[ G[GM8[SGM,MHLP

  3. G[GM8[SGM,MHL G[ VG]~5 YI[,L XMW VG[ T[GF XMWSMo • “V[lgHg; VMO lS|V[XG” GFDGF 5]:TSDF\ G[GM8[SGM,MHLGL jIFbIF VG5GFZ v S[ V[ZLS 0=[S;,Z • :S[lG\U 8Gl,\U DF.S=M:SM5 (STM) v IBM ,[AMZ[8ZLGF HG" lAlG\U VG[ C[G|LS ZMZ[ • G[GM8I]A GL T;JLZ VF5GFZ v ;]DLVM 8LHDF • ASLAM, S[ ASlDG:8Z O],[lZG GL XMW v ZMA8" V[OP S,"4 C[ZM<0 0A<I] S=M8M VG[ lZRF0" .P :DM,LP • GMA, 5FlZTMlQFS lJH[TF v lZRF0" O[.GD[G • lHIM0[lhS 0MDGL ZRGF SZGFZ v ASlDG:8Z O],Z

  4. G[GM8[SGM,MHLGL DNNYL ElJQIGL ;SITFVM o • G[GM8[SGM,MHL V[ lJ:T'T 8[SGM,MHL K[P H[ ElJQIDF\ TDFD 1F[+M DF8[ p5IMUL J:T]VMG] ;H"G SZX[4 T[ ;\EFJGFVMGF TDFD ‰FZ BM,L GFB[ K[P H[JF S[PPPP • SMQFLI :TZ 5Z p5RFZ • S'l+D A]l‚DTF • ;:TL VJSFXIF+F • X]‚ VG[ lJ5], pHF" • 5IF"JZ6DF\ ;]WFZM JU[Z[PPPP

  5. E[MlTS RLH J:T]VMGF 5lZDF6GM bIF,o • SM.56 E[MlTS RLH GF SN GM bIF, D[/JJF DF8[ V[SND X]1DsG[GMf ,[J, YL lJRFZL GZL VF\B[ HM. ;SFTL J:T] ;}WL GM bIF, VF D]HA NXF"JL XSFIP

  6. DF.S=MDL8Z YL G[GMDL8Z ;}WL J:T]VMGF\ DF5Go

  7. DFGJLGF VF\BGL HMJFGL DCTD 1FDTF 10000 nmK[4 T[YL T[GFYL GFGL RLH J:T] HM. ;STM GYL4 VFYL STMs:S[lG\U 8Gl,\U DF.S=M:SM5f VG[ AFMsV[8MlDS OM; DF.S=M:SM5f GL XMW 1981 DF\ IBMlZR;" ,[AMZ[8ZLGF lJ7FlGSM HG" lAlG\U VG[ C[G|LS ZMZ[ SZLP STMs:S[lG\U 8Gl,\U DF.S=M:SM5f AFMsV[8MlDSOM; DF.S=M:SM5f

  8. G[GM8[SGM,MHLGF 5MTFGF VFUJF lGIDMo • DM8F 5NFYM DF8[ H[ lGIDM SFD SZ[ K[ T[ X]1D 5|6F,L DF8[ SFD SZTF GYL4SFZ6 S[PPPP • G[GMD8[ZLI,DF\ SNGF 5|DF6DF\ ;5F8LG]\ 1F[+ DM8]\ CMI K[PVFYL T[ RM\8L HJFGM VG[ WQF"6GM U]6WD" X]1D 5|6F,LVMDF\ JW] 5|DF6DF\ HMJF D/[ K[P • G[GM 5lZDF6DF\ VF 5lZA/M VUtIGL E}lDSF EHJ[ K[P

  9. G[GM8[SGM,MHLDF\ SFA"Go • SFA"G 5ZDF6] ALHF lJlJW 5|SFZGF 5ZDF6]VM ;FY[ ;C;\IMHS A\W ZRLG[ HM0F6 SZL XS[ K[P • NZ[S SFA"G 5ZDF6]GL K[<,L S1FFDF\ RFZ .,[S8=MG CMJFYL T[ VgIRFZ SFA"G 5ZDF6] ;FY[ HM0F.G[ ;F\S/ H[JL ;\'B,F AGFJL XS[ K[P • SFA"G l;JFI ALH] SM. 56 TtJ VFJF 5|SFZGL lJlJWTF S[ DHA]TF. YL HM0F6 AGFJL XST]\ GYLP • T[ l+5lZDF6JF/]\ HF/L :J~5 ZRGF WFZ6 SZ[ K[4 H[ VtI\T ;BT WG :J~5 AG[ K[P

  10. SFA"G C20 ASLAM<;sO],[ZLGfo • 1985 DF\ ZMA8" V[O S,"4 C[ZM<0 0A<I] S=M8M VG[ lZRF0" . :DM,LV[ ASlDG:8Z O],[ZLg; GL XMW SZL4 H[G[ 8]\SDF\ ASLAM, SC[ K[P H[DF 60 SFA"G 5ZDF6]VM O]8AM, GF N0FGL H[D UM9JFI[,F K[P • 60 SFA"G 5ZDF6]VM GL UM9J6DF\ NZ[S SFA"G 5ZDF6] T[GL 5F;[GF VgI +6 SFA"G 5ZDF6] ;FY[ HM0F. G[ UM/FSFZ N0F H[JL ZRGF AGFJ[ K[P H[GM jIF; 1nm CMI K[P • ASLAM, GL ZRGFGM VeIF; SZTF ASLAM, JF:TJLS ZLT[ QFQ8SM6M VG[ 5\RSM6MGL SFA"G UM9J6L YL T{IFZ YFI K[P • T[ V[S SFA"G G]\ lJlXQ8 5|SFZG]\ :J~5 K[P • G[GM8[SGM,MHL GF lJSF; DF\ T[G]\ :YFG DCtJG]\ K[P • T[ SFA"G G]\ X}gIFJSF;DF\ AFQ5LEJG SZL D[/JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

  11. SFA"G G[GM8I]A o • ASLAM, GF lJ:T'T :J~5G[ SFA"G G[GM8I]A SC[ K[P • SFA"G G[GM8I]A V[ CSLSTDF\ V[S K[0FYL HM0IF JUZGF ASLAM,G]\ H ,\AFI[,] :J~5 K[P 5Z\T] T[DF\ O]8AM, H[JF UM/FSFZG[ AN,[ T[ G/FSFZsG/L H[J]\f :J~5 WFZ6 SZ[ K[P • SFA"G G[GM8I]ADF\ 56 5|tI[S SFA"G 5ZDF6] VgI +6 SFA"G 5ZDF6]VM ;FY[ HM0FI[,F CMI K[P • G[GM8I]A D]/E]T ZLT[ ASLAM<; H K[4 5Z\T] T[DF SFA"G ,[8F.; GF AN,[ G/FSFZ H[JL ZRGF YFI K[P

  12. lZRF0" :DM,LV[ ASLAM<;GF :J~5G[ lJS;FJLG[ SFA"G G[GM8I]a; AGFJJFGL 5‚lT XMWL SF-L CTL4 T[GL VF 5‚lT DF\ ASLAM<;G[ V[S ALHF ;FY[ HM0LG[ V[S CFZDF/F ZRJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5KL T[DF UM/FGL JrR[GF JWFZFGF ;F\WF N}Z SZJFYL SFA"G G[GM8I]A T{IFZ YFI K[P • ASLAM<; DF\YL AG[,L SFA"G G[GM8I]A G[ ASL8I]A TZLS[ 56 VM/BJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

  13. l;\U, JM<8 G[GM8I]AsSWNTf T[DF V[S H G/FSFZ CMI K[P D<8L JM<8 G[GM8I]AsMWNTf H]NL H]NL l+HIF WZFJTF V[S S[gN=L VG[S G/FSFZ CMI K[P SFA"G G[GM8I]A sASL8I]Af GF 5|SFZo • T[GF D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[P

  14. SFA"G G[GM8I]A GF U]6WDM"o • SFA"G G[GM8I]AGL TF61FDTF 5M,FN SZTF JW] V[8,[ S[ 5M,FNGL ;ZBFD6LDF\ 100 U6L JW] K[P • T[ l:YlT:YF5STFGM U]6WD" WZFJ[ K[P • T[GL pQDFJFCSTF RF\NL SZTF ,UEU 10 U6L K[P

  15. G[GM 8[SGM,MHL G[ SFZ6[ DFGJHFTL G[ YGFZF OFINF o • VlT X}1D S6M GF :J~5DF\ V[MQFlWVM JW] SFZUT VG[ V;ZSFZS ZLT[ SFI" SZX[P • G[GM5F8L"S<;DF\ Z\U U|C6 SZJFGL T[DH Z\U R-FJJFGL VNE]T 1FDTF CMJFYL KF5SFD DF\ B}A 5|UlT Y. XSX[P • ,[HZ VG[ D[uG[l8Svl0:SvC[0DF\ B}A JWFZM YX[4 H[ l0:SGF 50GL 5CM/FIDF\ VFJTF ;]WFZFG[ VFEFZL K[P • G[GMO}0 VMU["lGSO}0GL ;DS1F AGFJL XSFX[P • lGNFG SZJF DF8[GL ;FWG ;FDU|\L JW] ÈtS'Q8 VG[ ;:TL AGX[4 H[YL TFtSF,LSlGNFG SIF"”AFN V[MQFW VF5L XSFX[P • GJHFT lXX]GF DNA RF8" T{IFZ SZL ElJQIDF\ YGFZF ZMUMGL HF6SFZL VUFJYL D/L XSX[P

  16. GJF V[MQFWM DFGJXZLZDF\ IMuIHuIFV[ 5CLRF0L ZMUG[ N]Z SZL XSX[P 5[M,FN SZTF NX U6L DHA]TF. WZFJTF 5NFYM" AGFJL XSX[4 H[YL AF\WSFD DF\ S|FlgT ;HF"X[P GJLG G[GMWFT]VM VG[ G[GMS6M S[ H[ JW] ;S|LI K[ T[G[ lGIlDT SZL VSFZ6 YT] G]S;FG W8F0L XSFX[P GFGFSNGF SMd%I]8ZM RMS;F. 5}J"S GM\W6L SZX[4 VG[ 24 S,FS GL ;,FDTL 5|F%T SZL XSFX[P VAHM 5ZDF6]VM DF\YL SM. IMuI 5ZDF6]G[ V,U 5F0L XS[ T[JF ;\J[NSM T{IFZ SZL XSFX[P G[GM:Ol8SM JLH/LG]\ 5|SFXDF\ ~5F\TZ SZX[ VG[ pQDFG[ SFZ6[ YTM pHF"GMjII V8SFJX[P l+HFlJ`JDF\ X]wW H/ GL ;D:IF C, YX[P

  17. G[GM8[SGM,MHLG[ SFZ6[ GHLSGF ElJQIDF\ YGFZF ;]WFZF o • RMSS; u,MA, 5MhXlG\U l;:8D T{IFZ YX[4 H[ SN DF\ GFGL T[DH ;:TL CX[P • VlT h05L VG[ GFGF SMd%I]8Z AGX[P • V[JF VlT DHA]T 5NFYM" AGX[4 H[G]\ U,G lA\N] .rKF D]HA AN,L XSFX[P • ,F\AM ;DI RF,[ T[JL A[8ZL JF/F ;[,OMG AGX[P • GJL VG[ V;ZSFZS lGNFG5‚lT T{IFZ YX[4 VG[ p5RFZ DF\ 5|UlT YX[P • GJF ;G:S|LG AGX[ H[ tJRFG[ tJlZT Z1F6 VF5X[P • 5|SFXGL UlTV[ DFlCTLG]\ VFNFG5|NFG XSI AGX[P

  18. EFlJ G[GM8[SGM,MHL o

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