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Immunohaematology lecture NO(5)

Immunohaematology lecture NO(5). BY Dr:Dalia Kamal Eldien. Blood Donation(1). Definition:- -Blood donation is a voluntary procedure. You agree to have blood drawn so that it can be given to someone who needs a blood transfusion.

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Immunohaematology lecture NO(5)

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  1. Immunohaematologylecture NO(5) BY Dr:DaliaKamalEldien

  2. Blood Donation(1)

  3. Definition:- -Blood donation is a voluntary procedure. You agree to have blood drawn so that it can be given to someone who needs a blood transfusion. -Millions of people need blood transfusions each year.

  4. Who Needs Blood? • Trauma patients • Cancer patients • Transplant recipients • Surgical patients • People with blood diseases and disorders such as Sickle Cell Disease

  5. Blood Transfusion • The blood donor must be: • Age:17-65 years. • Weight:above 50 Kg. • Haemoglobin: >13 g/L for men & >12 g/L for women.Exclude pregnant and lactating women. • Minimum donation interval: 12-16 weeks . 3 donation per year maximum.

  6. Donor safety: • The donor is also examined and asked specific questions about their medical history to make sure that donating blood is not hazardous to their health. • The donor's hematocrit or hemoglobin level is tested to make sure that the loss of blood will not make them anemic. • Pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature are also evaluated.

  7. Volume of blood taken: Modern blood collection packs are designed to hold 450 + or – 45 ml of blood mixed with 63 ml of citrate phosphate dextrose adenine ( CPD-A) anticoagulant.

  8. Tests done before blood transfusion :  The current protocol tests donated blood for: • 1- HIV-1, HIV-2.  • 2- Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C.  • 3-Cytomegalovirus. • 4-Syphilis (Treponemapallidum). • 5- Malaria ( plasmodium).

  9. Complication of blood transfusion • Immunologic reaction: A- Acute hemolytic reaction: This is due to destruction of donor erythrocytes by preformed recipient antibodies. Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain, back pain, hemorrhage, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, and rapid drop in blood pressure. Treatment: When suspected, transfusion should be stopped immediately, and blood sent for tests to evaluate for presence of hemolysis. Kidney injury may occur due to the effects of the hemolytic reaction (pigment nephropathy).

  10. B-Delayed hemolytic reactions: occur more frequently and are due to previous sensitization of recipient by previous pregnancy or transfusion. However, the consequences are generally mild C-Febrile nonhemolytic reactions: are due to recipient antibodies to donor white blood cells, and occurs in about 7% of transfusions. Symptoms: Fever is generally short lived. Treatment: with antipyretics.

  11. D-Allergic reactions: may occur when the recipient has preformed antibodies to certain chemicals in the donor blood. Symptoms: include urticaria, pruritus, and may proceed to anaphylactic shock. Treatment: anti-histaminic. E-Post transfusion purpura: is a rare complication that occurs after transfusion containing platelets that express a surface protein HPA-1a(Human Platelets Antigen). Recipients who lack this protein develop sensitization to this protein from prior transfusions. Symptoms: Thrombocytopenia about 7–10 days after subsequent transfusions. Treatment: is with intravenous immunoglobulin, and recipients should only receive future transfusions with washed cells or HPA-1a negative cells.

  12. F-Transfusion-associated acute lung injury (TRALI): is an increasingly recognized adverse event associated with blood transfusion. TRALI is a syndrome of acute respiratory distress, often associated with fever, non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, and hypotension, which may occur as often as 1 in 2000 transfusions. Symptoms: can range from mild to life- threatening. Although the cause of TRALI is not clear, it has been consistently associated with anti-HLA antibodies.

  13. Non-Immunologic reaction: A-Disease transmission: Viruses: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), human T-cell lymphotrophic viruses (HTLVs) and parvovirus B19. Protozoa: Plasmodium . Bacterial:syphilis. B- Circulatory overload.  is a blood transfusion condition that occurs due to a rapid transfusion of a large volume of blood. The risk increases with patients over the age of 60 and patients with cardiac or pulmonary failure, or anemia Symptoms:  are dyspnea, , peripheral edema, and rapid increase of blood pressure

  14. C-Air embolism. or more generally gas embolism, is a pathological condition caused by a gas bubble, or bubbles, in a vascular system although an embolism in a medical context refers to any large moving mass or defect in the blood stream. • Small amounts of air often get into the blood circulation accidentally during surgery and other medical procedures (for example a bubble entering an intravenous fluid line), but most of these air emboli enter the veins and are stopped at the lungs, and thus a venous air embolism that shows any symptoms is very rare. • For venous air embolisms, death may occur if a large bubble of gas becomes lodged in the heart, stopping blood from flowing from the right ventricle to the lungs

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