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Communication Networks

Communication Networks. Recitation 4 Scheduling & Drop Policies. Queueing Basics. A queue consists of a scheduling discipline and a drop policy. input. scheduling discipline: what packet gets sent next. drop policy: what is dropped upon overflow. queued packets.

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Communication Networks

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  1. Communication Networks Recitation 4 Scheduling & Drop Policies Comnet 2006

  2. Queueing Basics • A queue consists of a scheduling discipline and a drop policy input scheduling discipline: what packet gets sent next drop policy: what is dropped upon overflow queued packets Comnet 2006

  3. Generalized Processor Sharing • The ideal max-min fair scheduling scheme • Visit each non-empty queue in turn • Serve infinitesimal from each • GPS is not implementable; we can serve only packets Comnet 2006

  4. Weighted Fair Queueing Problem: We need to serve a whole packet at a time. Solution: • Determine what time a packet, p, would complete if we served flows by GPS. Call this the packet’s finish time, F(p). • Serve packets in the order of increasing finish time. Comnet 2006

  5. WFQ Round -- Virtual Time • Round number is a real-valued variable that increases at a rate inversely proportional to the number/weight of active connections • Updating the number of connections: • A connection becomes active when a packet arrives to an empty queue • A connection becomes inactive when R(t) > F(p), where p is the last packet served Comnet 2006

  6. A F1=1 L=1 F2=3.5 L=2 B F1=2 L=2 C F1=2 L=2 Virtual time Example 1 1/3 1/2 1/3 Comnet 2006

  7. 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Time A1 = 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 B1 = 3 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 Weights : 1:1:1:1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D1, C1 Depart at R=1 Time A2, C3 arrive A2 = 2 A1 = 4 D1 C1 B1 A1 B1 = 3 C3 = 2 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 Round 1 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 Weights : 1:1:1:1 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Time C2 Departs at R=2 A2 = 2 A1 = 4 D2 C2 B1 A1 D1 C1 B1 A1 B1 = 3 C3 = 2 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 Round 2 Round 1 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 Weights : 1:1:1:1 Understanding bit by bit WFQ 4 queues, sharing 4 bits/sec of bandwidth Comnet 2006

  8. Time 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D2, B1 Depart at R=3 A2 = 2 A1 = 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 D2 C2 B1 A1 D2 C3 B1 A1 D1 C1 B1 A1 B1 = 3 C3 = 2 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Weights : 1:1:1:1 A2 Departs at R=6 C3, A1 Depart at R=4 Time A2 = 2 A1 = 4 D2 C2 B1 A1 A2 A2 C3 A1 D2 C3 B1 A1 D1 C1 B1 A1 B1 = 3 C3 = 2 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 6 5 Round 4 Round 3 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 Sort packets Weights : 1:1:1:1 Time 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Departure order for packet by packet WFQ: Sort by finish round of packets A2 = 2 A1 = 4 A2 A2 C3 C3 A 1 A 1 A1 A 1 D2 D2 B1 B1 B1 C2 D1 C1 B1 = 3 Round 2 Round 1 Round 2 Round 1 C3 = 2 C2 = 1 C1 = 1 D1 = 1 D2 = 2 Weights : 1:1:1:1 Understanding bit by bit WFQ 4 queues, sharing 4 bits/sec of bandwidth Round 3 Comnet 2006

  9. WF²Q • Packet approximation algorithm of GPS. • Choosing the packet with the smallest finish time among all the packets that have already started service in the corresponding GPS emulation. • Almost identical to that of GPS, differing by no more than one maximum size packet. Comnet 2006

  10. Comnet 2006

  11. Drop-tail • Signals congestion only when the queue is already saturated • Likely to drop more packets from the same flow • Unfair with bursty flows Comnet 2006

  12. Random Early Detection (RED) Comnet 2006

  13. Comnet 2006

  14. The Advantages of RED • No bias against bursty traffic • No global synchronization • Packet marking probability proportional to connection’s share of bandwidth • Scalable: no per-connection state Comnet 2006

  15. Packet Drops 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sender Receiver 1 2 4 5 6 7 ECN 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Sender Receiver 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) Comnet 2006

  16. ECN Details • Packets have a special Early Congestion Notification (ECN) bit • The ECN bit is set to 1 • Receivers forward ECN bit state back to sender in acknowledgments • Sender can adjust rate accordingly Comnet 2006

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