Environmental Implications of Bio-Jet: LCA approach

1. Environmental Implications of Bio-Jet:LCA approach Indroneil Ganguly Asst. Professor (Research) University of Washington, Seattle

2. Presentation Overview • Background • Being Green • What is LCA • Importance of LCA in the project • Results of Bio-Jet LCA • Some scenarios on the feedstock aspect • Overall LCA of Bio-jet Fuel • Comparing Bio-jet of Fossil based Jet-fuel

3. What does it mean to be Green?? How do we measure it?? What is Sustainability??

4. Sustainability United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Sustainable Development definition: “… development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” • Biodegradable • Recyclable • Ozone friendly • Eco-design • Greenwashing

5. We all know that being Green is Trendy . . . . . .What is the science of being green? • Industry is looking for ways to green their products and manufacturing processes. • Individuals and Families are looking to green their homes and lifestyles. • How can you tell if something really is green?? • What is currently happening to achieve this goal?

6. Life Cycle Assessment Definition: ISO = International Organization for Standardization Ensures that an LCA is completed in a certain way. “Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle” This establishes an environmental profile of the system! WHAT CAN BE DONE WITH LCA? Product or project development and improvement Strategic planning Public policy making Marketing and eco-declarations

7. Air Emissions O O CO CO 2 2 2 2 SUN SUN Soil Carbon Extraction Production Management & Harvest Water & Land Removals and Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel Urban and suburban wastes* * municipal solid wastes (MSW), lawn wastes, wastewater treatment sludge, urban wood wastes, disaster debris, trap grease, yellow grease, waste cooking oil, etc.

8. Air Emissions O O CO CO 2 2 2 2 SUN SUN Soil Carbon Extraction Production Management & Harvest Water & Land Removals and Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel

9. Air Emissions O O CO CO 2 2 2 2 SUN SUN Soil Carbon Extraction Production Management & Harvest Water & Land Removals and Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel System Boundary

10. Air Emissions O O CO CO 2 2 2 2 SUN SUN Soil Carbon Extraction Production Management & Harvest Water & Land Removals and Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel System Boundary 10

11. Air Emissions O O CO CO 2 2 2 2 SUN SUN Soil Carbon Extraction Production Management & Harvest Water & Land Removals and Emissions Life Cycle Assessment of Bio- Jet Fuel System Boundary 11

12. US Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 • Bio-Fuels necessary to move the United States toward greater energy independence and security • LCA is required for public procurement Suggested Greenhouse Gas Reduction Criterion Subtitle A—Renewable Fuel Standard • ‘‘(E) CELLULOSIC BIOFUEL –to be considered acceptable has to be “at least 60 percent less than the baseline lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions”. H.R.6: (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate), PROCUREMENT AND ACQUISITION OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS. (Source: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-110hr6enr/pdf/BILLS-110hr6enr.pdf)

13. Relevant Characteristics of Forest Biomass • Difficulty handling and economic viability issues • Low bulk density • Varying sizes and shapes of woody biomass • Inconsistent mix of multiple species • Various handling complications in cases of • Salvage of mountain pine beetle killed trees • Stage of beetle attack at the time of harvest is critical • Post fire salvage operations (can we use it for Bio-fuel?)

14. Biomass Handling Methods: in woods Grinding: Chipping: Bundling: Source: Han-Sup Han et al. 2012

15. Biomass recovery and production systems • Slash recovery operation • Dump truck slash shuttle & centralized grinding • Roll-off/Hook-lift truck slash shuttle & centralized grinding • Bundling slash & Centralized grinding • Grinding on site & Hog fuel shuttle • Pile-to-pile on site grinding • Whole tree chipping • Medium Chipper – Small/large trees • Large Chipper – Small/large trees • Integrated harvesting • Chipping (whole tree) & Grinding (slash) • Grinding only (slash & whole tree) • Source: Han-Sup Han et al. 2012

16. Example: System Boundary for LCA of Forest Thinning

17. Equivalency factors used (equivalent mass/mass emitted)

18. Impact category Source: TRACI 2.0

19. Overview of Bio-Jet fuel LCA

20. Overall Scope for LCA of woody biomass to bio-jet fuel

21. Scenarios developed for recovery of landing residue Benchmark scenario: Harvest standing forest using a Feller-buncher Take harvest to primary landing using a track-skidder Shuttle Loose Residue from Primary Landing to secondary using a dump truck (30 CY capacity) Chip at the secondary landing and haul to biomass processing facility using a chip van (140 CY capacity) Transportation Scenario: Developed by: CORRIM 1st Alternate Scenario: A larger Roll-off container (50 CY capacity) can access the primary landing for shuttling the loose residue to secondary landing for chipping. Everything else remains constant

23. Alternate distance scenarios • Second series of scenarios (Total distance stays constant; spur road distance increases): • All other factors same as baseline case • Third series of scenarios: (Interstate road distance increases) • All other factors same as baseline case

24. Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 2 and 3)

25. Alternate distance scenarios (baseline, 4 and 5)

26. Consequential LCA Environmental Impacts of Residual Extraction and Avoided Impacts of Slash Pile Burning

27. Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite Complete Forest to IPK Process: Environmental Performance of 1 kg of IPK

28. Fossil Jet Fuel Emissions: CO2, PM, Nox, Sox, H20 Emissions to Air, Water and Land Aviation Productivity Crude Oil Extraction Jet Fuel Combustion Refinery: Jet Fuel Production Crude Oil Transportation Jet Fuel Transportation Co-Products Bio Jet Fuel CO2 CO2, PM, Nox, Sox, H20 CO2 Harvest Operations Prep. & Transport Biomass Greenhouse & Land Prep. Forest Stand Bio-Jet Fuel Combustion Pre-treatment and Bio-jet conversion Bio-Jet Fuel Transportation Soil Carbon Co-Products Co-Products Emissions to Air, Water and Land

29. Aircraft transportation: One person for 1 km on an intercontinental flight Preliminary findings – do not publish or cite 62% Reduction

30. Conclusion • We were able to get such favorable results primarily for the following reasons: • A minimal amount of fossil fuel is used during the conversion process, because waste biomass (in the form of lignin), can be substituted for coal and/or natural gas to provide the heat and power needed for the IPK process. • The avoided environmental burdens associated with not having to burn the slash piles in the forest reduced the overall environmental footprint of the process. • We can improve the overall carbon footprint associated with bio-jet fuel through innovations in efficient feedstock handling.

31. THANK YOU