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ENERGY GENERATION FROM BIO GAS PRODUCED AT STP

A PRESENTATION ON. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com. ENERGY GENERATION FROM BIO GAS PRODUCED AT STP. GUIDED BY: Dr A.B. Gupta Professor Civil Department. Presented By: K M Jaiswal M.Tech. Ist Sem. ID-2012 PCE5237. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com.

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ENERGY GENERATION FROM BIO GAS PRODUCED AT STP

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  1. A PRESENTATION ON Downloaded from CivilDigital.com ENERGY GENERATION FROM BIO GAS PRODUCED AT STP GUIDED BY: Dr A.B. Gupta Professor Civil Department Presented By: K M Jaiswal M.Tech. Ist Sem. ID-2012 PCE5237

  2. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com Excreta and wastewater sludge are resources. Finding ways to put them to their best uses is part of developing sustainable technologies. At the same time, excreta and wastewater sludge – if not managed properly – can be dangerous to human health and the environment. Source :-GLOBAL ATLAS OF EXCRETA, WASTEWATER SLUDGE, AND BIOSOLIDS MAGEMENT: UN-HABITAT

  3. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com WE CAN GENERATE ELECTRICITY AT PLANT, RUN IC ENGINES AND USE AS FUEL BY BOTTLING THE BIO GAS PRODUCED AT STP DURING ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF WASTE WATER, WHICH OTHERWISE CAN BE HARMFUL FOR ENVIRONMENT IF ALLOWED TO ESCAPE IN ATMOSPHERE. BY DOING THIS WE CAN SAVE ELECTRICITY BILL OF STP THERE BY MAKING THEM SULF SUSTAINING BY REDUCING GHGs WE CAN EARN CARBON CREDITS

  4. Case studies (1) 2 62.5 MLD Capacity DELWAS STP in JAIPUR (2) Welissa Farms -- Bantayan, Cebu (3) Anaerobic co-digestion of sewage and brewery sludge for biogas :Thammasat University, Thailand (4) Biogas from Sewage Treatment used to Energy Generation, by a 30 kW (ISO) Micro turbine (5) Bio Gas Production In Indian Perspective (6)Power Generation from gases at STP(Germany) (7)Some case studies to reduce H2s and increase CH4 contents in Bio Gas Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  5. POWER GENERATION AT A GLANCE IN WORLD(2009) Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  6. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • Basics of Anaerobic digestion process • Stage of Anaerobic digestion • Factors affecting production of Methane • Power generation units • Bio gas improvement..\power generation\Biomethane power.pdf • Scrubber • Chiller • Gas engine • How to increase methane • Case studies to increase Methane quantity • (reduction of Hydrogen Sulphide methods in various case studies ) • Comments on Delawas Power Plant Case studies referred

  7. During Anaerobic treatment process of sewage (carried out in the absence of O2)for the stabilization of organic materials CH4 ,CO2, NH3, H2O, H2S are end product . Anaerobic microorganisms Organic materials + Nutrients CH4 + CO2 +NH3 + Biomass Anaerobic processes Anaerobic fermentation Anaerobic respiration FROM WHERE CH4 COME FROM………? Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  8. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com COD Balance Aerobic Biodegradation COD Balance Anaerobic Biodegradation

  9. Anaerobic digester microbiology Downloaded from CivilDigital.com 1:  Extracellular hydrolysis (e.g. cellulose) (page 1) ( 2: Fermentation leading to organic acids (VFAs), acetate, CO2 and H2(page 7-8) 3: Fermentation leading to acetic acid (CH3COOH), H2 and O2 4: Methanogenesis leading to CH4,CO2 and H2O

  10. STEPS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION Downloaded from CivilDigital.com H2 and CO2 HIGHER ORGANIC ACIDS COMPLEX ORGANICS CH4 Insoluble organic material and high molecular weight compounds (lipids, polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids) into soluble organic substances e.g. amino acids and fatty acids .Further split during acidogenesis, ACETIC ACID

  11. COMPLEX ORGANIC MATTERS Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins hydrolysis 1 1 1 acidogenesis Amino Acids, Sugars Fatty Acids, Alcohols INTERMEDIARY PRODUCTS (C>2; Propionate, Butyrate etc) 1 1 acetogenesis 2 3 Acetate Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide Homoacetogenesis 5 4 methanogenesis Overview Anaerobic Biodegradation Downloaded from CivilDigital.com Acetotrophic Methanogenesis Hydrogenetrophic Methanogenesis Methane Carbon dioxide

  12. FACTORS AFFECTING CH4 PRODUCTION IN ASD Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • PH (6.6 TO 7.6) (page 11) • NUTRIENTS AVAILABLITY. • TEMPERATURE (35C TO 55 C) (Page 10) • SOLIDS RETENTION TIME (SRT),(Page 8-9) • VOLATILE FATTY ACIDS (VFA) (page 12,18 -23) • MIXING OF SLUDGE • TOXIC AND INHIBITORY COMPOUNDS ( viz sulphide, light metal cations, ammonia, and heavy metals )

  13. FACTORS AFFECTING CH4 PRODUCTION IN ASD ……... Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • PRE-TREATMENT PRIOR TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTION : (During hydrolysis, cell walls are ruptured and extracellular polymeric substances are degraded resulting in the release of readily available organic material for the acidogenic micro-organisms. By means of efficient pre-treatment ,the suspended substrate can be made more accessible for the anaerobic bacteria, optimizing the methanogenic potential of the waste to be treated. • Various sludge disintegration pre-treatment: include mechanical grinding, ultrasonic disintegration, chemical methods, thermal pre-treatment, enzymatic and microbial pre-treatments. )

  14. BIO GAS PROPERTIES …………… Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  15. BIO GAS PROPERTIES……… Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  16. POWER GENERATION FROM BIOGASPRODUCED ATDELAWAS PLANT Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • CAPACITY STP 62.5 MLD UNIT I. • AMOUNT OF GAS GENERATED FROM ONE 62.5 MLD PLANT : 6000 M3/DAY 250 M3/hr • CALORIFIC VALUE OF GAS : 5000 TO 5600 KCAL/M3 • TOTAL HEAT ENERGY OF GAS : 1300000 KCAL/hr • TOTAL ENERGY IN KW HOUR : 1509.3 • EFFICIENCY OF POWER : 28 % GENERATION UNIT INCLUDING ENGINE AND GENERATOR • ELECTRICAL ENERGY PRODUCTION : 422.60 KWH EXISTING PLANT PRODUCING BIO GAS CONTINUOUSLY AND EXCESS GAS IS FLARED. Data made available from Delawas plant

  17. LAYOUT OF 62.5 MLD STP AT DELAWAS Downloaded from CivilDigital.com MAIN GATE PLANTION AROUND THE BOUNDRY WALL FUTURE SPACE FOR 62.5 MLD (II PHASE) ROAD GRIT SEPERATOR 4 NOS. PRIMARY SLUDGE SUMP GAS FLARING SYSTEM MCC TRANSFORMER 2 NOS COARSE SCREENS PRIMARY SLUDGE THICKNER ROAD INLET CHEMBER BLOWERS PMCC CUM CONTROL ROOM LAB& OFFICE BUILDING SECONDARY CLARIFIER 2 NOS. AERATION TANK DIGESTERS 2 NOS RAW SEWAGE SUMP FINE MH SCREENS RETURN SLUDGE SUMP PRIMRY CLARIFIER PLANTION AROUND THE BOUNDRY WALL OUTLET PIPE FOR TREATED WATER OUTLET CHEMBER CENTRIFUGE UNIT UNTREATED SEWAGE FALLING IN NALAH

  18. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com Malabar STP process flow diagram ( page 17)

  19. REQUIRED FOR ONE ENGINE Downloaded from CivilDigital.com Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • UNITS REQUIRED FOR POWER GENERATION SYSTEM • GAS HOLDER • INTER CONNECTING PIPING • GAS ENGINES • GAS SCRUBBER FOR REMOVAL OF H2 S (By NaOH at Delawas) • CHILLER UNIT : To remove moisture from gas coming gas from the Scrubber through the Blower, by cooling the gas to low temperature by condensing the moisture. A shell and tube type Heat Exchanger will be used for this purpose.

  20. Gas Holders at Delawas (Double membrane type) Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  21. H2S Scrubber Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  22. Biogas upgrading (H2S Scrubbing) Downloaded from CivilDigital.com H2S Removal is needed to • reduce air pollution As it is toxic and odorous and gives sulfur dioxide on burning • protect power generation equipment from corrosion • increase safety of the operations

  23. How to minimize H2S in bio Gas Downloaded from CivilDigital.com 1. By reducing H2S by Process Control (a) bio scrubber; bio filter; and bio trickling filter.( H2s is absorbed by Chemotrophic bacteria and elemental sulfur is produced) • 2. By Scrubbing, carbon adsorption, and chemical and thermal (page 2) • Oxidation from Bio Gas Scrubing is being done at DelawasUsingNaoH • H2S gets absorbed in water, • The gas from the bottom of the Scrubber enters the packed Column while liquid is collected in the Tank for recalculation. • In the II stage of scrubbing, gas is scrubbed with caustic solution in a packed Column. The Column is provided with ceramic rings to have enhanced surface area for mass transfer. This is a counter current scrubber and provides high scrubbing efficiency. • caustic solution ensures effective reaction of H2S and CO2 and their removal.

  24. Gas Engine Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  25. Flaring of excess Gas Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

  26. SELECTION OF TYPE OF ENGINE Downloaded from CivilDigital.com POWER CAN BE GENERATED FROM BIO GAS FROM FOLLOWING MACHINES. • DUAL FUEL ENGINE • GAS TURBINE • GAS ENGINE • GAS ENGINE IS MOST SUITABLE AND EFFICIENT FOR PRESENT APPLICATION. • AMONG THE THREE TYPES OF ENGINE GAS TURBINE IS NOT USED FOR BIO GAS FUEL SINCE IT IS NOT SUITABLE FOR LOW CAPACITY. • DUAL FUEL ENGINE IS USED IN REMOTE AREA WHERE NORMAL POWER SUPPLY IS NOT AVAILABLE OR ERRATIC. THIS ENGINE CAN BE RUN EITHER WITH DIESEL OR WITH BIOGAS & DIESEL COMBINATION. • DUAL FUELENGINE NEEDS MORE MAINTENANCE AND DIESEL STORAGE.

  27. CAPACITY OF GAS HOLDER Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • TOTAL GAS GENERATION : 6000 M3/DAY • STORAGE CAPACITY IS NORMALLY MAINTAINED : 25 % OF TOTAL IN POWER GENERATION • STORAGE VOLUME REQUIRED : 1500 M3 • NO OF GAS HOLDER : 2 FOR EACH 62.5 MLD PLANT • CAPACITY OF EACH GAS HOLDER : 750 M3

  28. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • CAPITAL COST : 750 LAKHS • PER KW RUNNING COST : 3.32/KW hr • PURCHESE COST OF POWER : Rs 6/- KWhr. • PAY BACK PERIOD : 7.5 YEARS

  29. HOW OPTIMISE GAS PRODUCTION AND OPTIMUM USE OF ENERGY AT STPs Downloaded from CivilDigital.com • BY EFECTIVE CONTROL OF PROCESS • AMONIA STRIPPING • THERMAL PRETREATMENT OF SLUDGE BY UTILIZING HEAT OF EXHAUST GASES • SCUM AND GREASE CAN BE FED IN DIGESTER • USE THERMOPHILIC STAGE FOR MORE GAS PRODUCTION BUT THIS NEED EFFECTIVE CONTROL • BIOLOGICAL REMOVAL OF SULPHER SO THAT H2S PRODUCTION CAN BE MINIMISED • IN WINTER DUE TO LOW ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE GAS GENERATION IN DIGESTER IS REDUCED. OTHER COST EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE USED TO REDUCE HYDROLYSIS TIME AND OVER ALL SRT OF ANAEROBIC PROCESS, MINIMIZATION OF TOXICANTS AND INHIBITION FACTORS TO INCREASE QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF BIO GAS.

  30. THANK YOU Downloaded from CivilDigital.com QUESTIONS ?

  31. Overall process of anoxic decomposition, showing the manner in which various groups of fermentative anaerobes cooperate in the conversion of complex organic materials ultimately to methane 1 CH42 and CO2. Acetate and H2 + CO2 from primary fermentations can be directly converted to methane, although H2 + CO2 can also be consumed by homoacetogens. But note how the syntrophs play a key role in anoxic decomposition by consuming highly reduced fermentation products in a secondary fermentation. By activities of the syntrophs, fatty acids and alcohols are converted to the substrates for methanogenesis and acetogenesis. This picture holds for environments in which sulfate-reducing bacteria play only a minor role, for example, in freshwater lake sediments, sewage sludge bioreactors, or the rumen. If alternative electron acceptors are abundant, as for example, sulfate in marine sediments, anaerobic respiration prevails, as syntrophs cannot compete for fatty acids/alcohols with sulfate-reducing bacteria or bacteria carrying out other forms of anaerobic respiration. Downloaded from CivilDigital.com

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