CHAPTER 4:

1. CHAPTER 4: SOCIALIZATION

2. SOCIALIZATION 1 The lifelong process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective participation in a society

3. Functions of Socialization 1 Socialization • establishes our social identity. • teaches us role taking. • controls our behavior. • transmits culture to the next generation.

4. Human Interaction is Vital 1 Isolated or institutionalized children do not develop the characteristics considered "normal" or "human."

5. Discussion 1 What are some of the characteristics that make us human?

6. NATURE AND NURTURE 2 Biologists tend to focus on the role of heredity in human development—emphasizing the role of nature. Social scientists focus on the role of learning, socialization, and culture— emphasizing the role of nurture.

7. 2 • Biology affects development. • Gender identity • Anxiety • Behavior affects biology. • Serotonin • Physical or sexual abuse • Cross-cultural data illustrate the importance of nurture.

8. Nature/Nurture 2 We can conclude that nature and nurture interact in the socialization process and both are important to development.

9. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF SOCIALIZATION 3 For functionalists, socialization encourages conformity and maintains a society's stability by controlling disruptive behavior.

10. Social Learning Theories vs. 3 • According to social learning theories, people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction. • Socialization is direct when we learn through reward and punishment.

11. Application How were you rewarded or punished as a child? What did you learn from rewards and punishments?

12. Socialization 3 • Socialization is indirect when we learn through modeling. • We imitate the people who are important in our lives.

13. Symbolic interaction theories 3 show how social interaction shapes socialization.

14. Looking Glass Self 3 • Charles Horton Cooley identified a process of developing the reflected or looking-glass self. • Perception—We imagine how we appear to others and how they perceive us. • Interpretation—We imagine how others judge us. • Response—We experience self-feelings based on what we think others think.

15. The Self 3 • George Herbert Mead described how the self develops. • The self is composed of the "I" and the "Me." • I—creative, impulsive, imaginative, spontaneous • Me—internalized social roles

16. Learning to Role Take 3 • Learning to role take occurs in stages. • Preparatory stage—mimics others' behavior • Play stage—acts out imagined roles • Game stage—takes the role of the generalized other

17. Social Life as Theater 3 • Erving Goffman analyzed social life as theater. • Impression management involves presenting ourselves in a favorable light by controlling settings, appearances, and manner.

18. Socialization Theories

19. Application How might you manage the setting, appearance, and manner for these situations? • A job interview • A difference of opinion with a professor • A first date

20. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION AGENTS 4 Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society.

21. Family 4 Parents teach children social roles and rules. Parenting occurs through reinforcement and managing the environment.

22. Discussion 4 How do parents set up the environment to encourage femininity or masculinity?

23. Parenting Styles 4 Authoritarian parents use their power to control a child's behavior. Authoritative parents set reasonable limits but are warm and responsive. Permissive parents set few rules but are usually warm and responsive. Uninvolved parents are indifferent and focus on their own needs.

24. Family Members 4 Siblings can be supportive or bully and abuse younger brothers or sisters. Grandparents often pass on family rituals and provide support and encouragement.

25. Play and Peer Groups 4 A peer group refers to people who are similar in age, social status, and interests. Peers are especially influential until our mid-20s.

26. Play 4 • Play • Promotes cognitive development • Keeps children out of trouble and enhances their social development • Strengthens peer relationships

27. Application 4 What did you play as children? What did you learn from playing?

28. Teach new skills Serve as positive role models Reinforce desirable behavior or skills 4 PEERS

29. Teachers and Schools 4 • School • Enhances cognitive development • Transmits knowledge • Teaches us to think in different ways

30. Expectations 4 Teachers may create a self-fulfilling prophecy. Students perform according to what is expected of them.

31. Popular Culture and Media 4 High media usage can decrease academic success. Television violence desensitizes viewers to violence. Advertisers are increasingly targeting young people.

32. Discussion 4 What should be done about violence in the media?

33. SOCIALIZATION THROUGHOUT LIFE 5 Socialization is a never-ending process, continuing from infancy throughout adulthood.

34. RESOCIALIZATION 6 Resocialization is the process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behaviors. Much resocialization occurs in total institutions—places where people are isolated and required to learn new roles.