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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Windows NT. The Major Network Operating Systems. Windows NT Server Windows 2000 Server Novell Netware UNIX Many LANs include a mix of all of the above network operating systems. Questions to ask when selecting a Network Operating System.

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Windows NT

  2. The Major Network Operating Systems • Windows NT Server • Windows 2000 Server • Novell Netware • UNIX • Many LANs include a mix of all of the above network operating systems

  3. Questions to ask when selecting a Network Operating System • Is it compatible with existing infrastructure? • Will it provide the security that is required? • Can the technical staff manage the system? • Will the NOS support our current application programs? • Will it accommodate future growth? • Will it support future services we will require? • Can we afford it? • What kind of technical support can we get?

  4. Items to consider when selecting the server hardware • How many clients will be on the server? • What kind of applications will run on the server? • How much storage space will ech user need? • How much down time is acceptable? • What can you afford?

  5. Multiprocessing • The processing load is divided across several CPUs • Windows NT uses symmetric multiprocessing, a technique in which the total processor load is split evenly among the processors • Simplier operating systems use asymmetric processing where, for example, all operating system tasks are on one processor and all user tasks are on the remaining processors • NT with two processors generally runs at about 150 percent of the speed of a one-processor system

  6. Multiprocessing – Continued • Multiprocessing offers a great advantage to servers that perform numerous taks simultaneously • If the server is used only for file and print sharing, multiple processors will not speed up the process much • Other resources may cause a bottleneck – access time for hard drive as an example

  7. Windows NT • Commercially released in 1993 • Was written from scratch in the late 1980s • First NOS based entirely on a GUI • Made network administration easier • Provides for a client-server based network operating system • Uses the same interface as found in Windows 95/98 • Provides excellent file security • Supports symmetric multiprocessing • Supports preemptive multitasking (see webopedia)

  8. Where did Windows NT come from? • In the late 1980s, Microsoft and IBM collaborated on a replacement for DOS on Intel computers • Their new OS was called OS/2 • Microsoft recognized the need for a more advanced OS with the ability to run on other microprocessors. • Microsoft hired Dave Cutler to lead the development of a new OS written in C (called OS/2 NT) so that it would be portable to other microprocessors • In 1990 Microsoft released Windows 3.0 which became very popular

  9. History of NT continued • Microsoft and IBM disagreed as to how to market OS/2 and Windows • Microsoft wanted to expand capabilities of Windows to compete with OS/2 • When cooperation failed, IBM retained the OS/2 system and Microsoft changed the name of the OS/2 NT project to windows NT

  10. NT Server 4.0 Minimum Required Hardware (p. 324) • Processor: Intel 486 • Memory: 16 MB RAM • Hard Disk: 110 MB • Microsoft’s Hardware Compatibility List lists all computer components proven to be compatible with Windows NT server. This list is on the CD-ROM with the NT server software and it is found on the web site: www.microsoft.com/hcl

  11. NT Server’s Memory Model • Uses 32-bit addressing scheme (Windows 2000 server supports 64-bit addressing) • Each application is assigned its memory area so that the running processes are less prone to interfering with each other’s operations • Supports virtual memory – space on the hard drive that is reserved to be used to make it appear as though there is more main memory available • A process can temporarily use virtual memory when it needs more memory that the physical memory can provide • To find out how much virtual memory your system is using: Control Panel, System, Performance, Change

  12. NT File Systems • NT supports HPFS, FAT, NTFS, and CDFS • Typically, you will use NTFS

  13. FAT • Stands for File Allocation Table • Original file system designed in the 1970s to support floppy disks and hard disks • Disk surface is divided into clusters • A number of clusters go into making a partition • The FAT table is a hidden file found at the beginning of the partition that keeps track of used and unused allocation units on the partittion • FAT is inadequate for most server operating systems • Partition size limitation, fragmentation, and naming limits

  14. FAT Continued • FAT partition cannot be larger than 4 GB • FAT uses 16-bit fields to store file information • File names can have at most 8 characters in the name • The filke attributes available are: Read, Write, System, or Hidden • FAT files cannot use NT security • Data is stored in non-contiguous blocks • Can convert from FAT to NTFS on an NT server

  15. FAT 32 File System • FAT was enhanced to accommodate long file names • Uses 32-bit addressing for faster data access • Cannot take advantage of NT’s security and file compression

  16. HPFS • High-Performance File System • Designed for the OS/2 operating system • Data is organized into contiguous blocks • Rarely found installed on an NT server

  17. NTFS • New Technology file System • Part of NT Workstation and NT Server • Filenames up to 256 characters long • File size information stored in 64-bit fields • Supports large files (16 exabytes(2 to the 60th power))

  18. NT Domains • A logical grouping of users, servers, and other network resources • A Microsoft concept • A company may break its LAN up into multiple domains • A domain must have a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) that keeps track of resources, users,and privileges • A domain can only have one PDC • You may have a Backup Domain Controller (BDC)

  19. NT Domains – Continued • If a PDC goes down, a BDC may be promoted to function as the PDC • The domain may have any number of member servers- takes no role in managing accounts and security • A member server usually runs one or more application programs • A server in a domain must be a PDC, a BDC, or a member server

  20. Trust Relationship between Domains • A trust relationship between two domains allows users in one domain to use resources in the other domain • Several types of trust relationships • One-way trust • Multiple one-way trust • Two-way trust

  21. One-Way Trust • Involves two domains: A and B • Users in Domain B are allowed to access resources in Domain A (see Fig. 8-3, p.331) • The Domain A with the resources to share trusts the domain B with the users that want access to the resources. • The domain with the resources to share is called the Trusting Domain • The domain that contains the users is called the Trusted Domain • An arrow is drawn from the Trusting Domain and pointing to the Trusted Domain

  22. Multiple One-Way Trusts • Network consists of multiple one-way trusts • One Trusted Domain and several Trusting Domains • See Fig. 8-4, p. 332

  23. Two-Way Trust • Users from Domain A can access resources in Domain B • Users in Domain B can access resources in Domain A • Common in WAN situations where two or more locations manage their own domains,but need to share information • See Figure 8-5, p. 333

  24. Accessing Resources in a Trusting Domain • After the trust relationship has been established, users with accounts in the Trusted Domain can be given permissions to resources in the Trusting Domain • Trust relationships are established through Start, Programs, Administrative Tools, User Manager for Domains, Policies, Trust Relationships • Trust relationships can be broken after they are created

  25. Domain Models with Trust Relationships • Single Domain Model • Master Domain Model • Multiple Master Domain Model • Complete Trust Domain Model

  26. Single Domain Model • Simplest domain model • All users and resources are in one domain • See Figure 8-6 • Note – This is the model we are using for installation of NT server software

  27. Master Domain Model • See Figure 8-7, p. 335 • One Trusted domain (master) used to maintain all information on user accounts • Multiple Trusting domains that contains resources • Resources are separated by logical groupings

  28. Multiple Master Domain Model • Two or more master domains that are joined in a two-way trust • See Figure 8-8, p. 336 • Users in a multiple master domain can log on to a single master domain and then use resources from several different resource domains

  29. Complete Trust Domain Model • Bunch of Single Domains, each of which has a two-way trust between every other Domain • See Figure 8-9, p. 337

  30. Synchronization • A PDC informs a BDC that it needs to update its user account information database • The update might include new users or groups, new or changed passwords, or new or changed group memberships. • On large networks with several BDCs,this communication could take up a lot of bandwidth • To minimize the effect, the synchronization between the PDC and the BDCs are staggered • Network administrator can force synchronization from Service Manager under Administrative Tools

  31. Forced Synchronization • Two types: partial and full • Partial – only modifications to user account information are transmitted to the other domain controllers • Full – Entire user account database is copied to the BDC • Why you you need to force synchronization when this is done automatically and on a regular basis? See p. 340 for the answer.

  32. Browser • A browser service is used to keep track of all shared resources in the network • The browser compiles a database of these resources. • The browser tracks the location, the availability, and the name of shared resources • Types of browsers • Domain master browser – tracks resources for a group of domains • Master browser – tracks shared resources for its domain • Backup browser – keeps a copy of the master browser’s database in case master browser goes down

  33. Browser – Continued • Every time a computer on the network starts, it registers with the domain’s master browser. • If there is more than one domain, each master browser passes along its browse list to the domain master browser • By default, the PDC is the master browser for its domain

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